Topic 5 -The Role Of Education in Society Flashcards
the functionalist perspective on education
is a consensus view that argues that society is harmonious , to survive, society needs solidarity through everyone sharing the same values and norms . Otherwise, society would disintegrate
functionalists question if things help to conform to societies needs
Durkheim- solidarity and skills
Education performs two functions,outline one of them ( social solidarity
It promotes social solidarity: by transmitting societies shared culture. Its individuals must feel themselves as a single community
the education system creates social solidarity by binding people together and teaching them how to co operate , they show students that they share the same past ,
EDUCATION TEACHES CHILDREN UNIVERSALISTIC RULES THAT ARE NEEDED FOR SOCIETY TO CONFORM
Parsons : Socialisation and meritocracy
Parsons sees the school as a ‘focalising agency’in modern society, acting as a bridge between family and wider society
Secondary socialisation:society sees that we are all equal by law. Within the family,the childs status is ascribed : fixed by birth. in contrast, wider society judges us on universalistic and impersonal standards
Meritocracy is based on two key values
Individual achievement - everyone achieves statuds by their own status , equal opportunity is for every individual to achieve their full potential.
Meritocracy
School is a minature version of wider society , individuals succeed or fail based on their own ability and effort
Davis and Moore : Role allocation
Educations maion function is to allocate roles , they select pupilks for their future work roles
Davis and Moore show us that the most important roles in society are fulfilled by the most talented people , not everyone is equally talented, society offers higher rewards for these jobs
a meritocratic education system allows equal competition, it sifts and sorts so that the most talented get the best qualifications and better jobs
Human capital theory
modern society is technologically advanced,
Evaluation of the functionalist perspective
INTERACTIONISTS ARGUE THAT THE FUNCTIONALIST VIEW OPF SOCIALISATION IS TOO DETERMINISTIC
education is meritocratic, the School discriminates against minority groups
education does not necessarily equip people for their future work roles , there is no direct link between the subjects studied in school to future jobs
A PERSONS ASCRIBED CHARACTERISTICS ARE MORE IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING THEIR INCOME LATER IN LIFE THAN IS THEIR ACHIEVEMENT IN SCHOOL
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism argues that the school should not provide education, health and welfare
Neoliberalism is based on the idea that the state must not show individuals how to dispose of their own economy
Neoliberalism and the new right perspective
The new right is a political like perspective
their views are:
chubb and moe
show that pupils from low income families do 5% better in private schools.
state education has failed to create equal opportunity because it fails to respond to pupils needs
chubb and moe call for the introduction of a market system in state education where parents and carers are the consumers. They argue that this will improve equality and efficiency
evaluation of the new right perspective
gerwitz- argues that the middle class can use the competition to their advantage through the use of economic and cultural capital to gain access to good schools ctitics argue that the cause of low educational standards is because of social inequality and inadequate funding of state schools
the Marxist perspective on education
Marxists see society as based on class divisions and exploitation they argue that there is a capitalist class- the bourgeoise - who own the means of production (land, factopries, offices) and they make profits by exploiting their labourers ( the working class) the working class- sell their labour power to the capitalists since they own no means of production . As a result, they are poorly paid THIS CREATES CLASS CONFLICT, THREATENING THE STABILITY OF CAPITALISM.
Althusser: the ideological state apparatus
repressive state apparatus
the representative state apparatuses ( rsa)- maintain the rule of the bourgeoise, protecting the intrests and use force to repress the working class by the police, courts and army the ideological state apparatus- Isa- control peoples ideas, values, beliefs - including religion and the education system
what two functions does education perform as Isa?
education reproduces class inequality, by failing each generation especially working class as they usually end up as their parents
education justifies class inequality by producing ideas and beliefs that disguise its true cause.||Education tries to show that inequality is inevitable , failure is the fault of the individual, not the capitalist society
bowles and gintis
THEY BELIEVE THAT EDUCTION STUNTS AND DISORTS THE STUDENTS DEVELOPMENT
capitalism needs its workers with obedient attitudes that is willing to accept hard work, low pay and authority
in their case study, they showed that the submissive worker showed independence and gained low grades, and those that were obedient and discipline to gain high grades
The correspondence principle
schooling takes place in the long shadow of work. the relationships and structures found in education correspond to those of work
this can be shown through two ways
work : alienation over the workers lack of production
school: alienation, pupils lack control over education
another example:
school: headteachers> teacher > pupil ( have authority)
work: boss> supervisor> worker
the hidden curriculum
the correspondence principle operates throught the hidden curriculum - ALL THE LESSONS BEING TAUGHT IN SCHOOL WITHOUT BEING DIRECTLY TAUGHT- PUPILS ACCEPT HEIRACHY, COMPETITION AND ALIENATION
the myth of meritocracy
the education system prevents peop,le from recognising their exploited position and rebelling against the system
the education system creates many myths- functionalists argue that education and work are meritocratic because int heir view everyone has an equal opportunity to achieve
bowles and gintins argue that this is a myth because success is based on class background, not educational achievement , meritocracy helps persuade workers to accept inequality
bowles and Gintis- role allocation
they reject the functionalist claim that the most talented do the most important meritocracy awarded jobs. they found that obedient students got the best grades, not those who were non conformist
the education system rewards those who conform to the qualities of the future workforce
neoliberalism
neoliberals argue that the state should not provide for services such as education, healthcare and welfare
neoliberalism shows us that the state should not guide individuals , government should encourage competiton
the new right
argues that the state cannot meet peoples needs and and people should fulfill their own needs through the free market
THEY FAVOUR THE MARKETISATION OF EDUCATION
What do the new right and functionalists believe on?
some prople are more talented than others
- they favour the education system for meritocratic principals of open education
- education should socialise pupils on shared values , such as competition and instill a sense of national identity
the new right believe in creating an education market , the competition between schools is powerful, enabling diversity, choice and efficiency.
chubb and moe: consumer choice
state run education had failed because: it has not created equal opportunity in the needs of disadvantaged groups
-private schools deliver higher quality education because they get paid by parents
chubb an moe call for the introduction of a market system that would give parents control , this would allow consumers to shape their needs to improve quality and efficiency
to introduce this system, chubb and moe believe that families should buy education from schpools in the form of vouchers , this would allow schools to become more responsive to the parents wishes
who critiscises chubb and moes view?
the new right.
they argue that the state has two roles.
- it imposes a framework on schools.for example, there are Ofsted reports and league table reports that give information to parents
-the state ensures that schools transmit a shared culture.For example, everyone in the united \Kingdom goes by the national cirriculum for education.
who critiscises the new right?
Gerwitz-competition between schools benefit the middle class who csan use their cultural and economic capital to get into desirable schools
the marxist perspective on education
they see that society has two main classes- capital class and the working class capitalist class- the bourgeoise- make profits by exploiting the proletariat
this creates class conflict.When they realise that they are being exploited, they ask for higher wages and better working conditions
althusser: the ideological state apparatuses
the repressive state apparatuses (RSA): they maintain the rulle of the bourgeoise or the force that maintains it.They include the police, courts and army.
The ideological state apparatuses (ISA) :maintain the rule of the bourgeois by controlling peoples ideas, beliefs and values
eg: the media, the education system and religion
what does althusser believe about the state
it performs two functions education reproduces class inequality by passing it on from generation to generation education justifies class inequality by producing a set of ideas
bowles and gintis : schooling in capitalist america
they believe that capitalism requires a workforce with a personality accustomed to their role as exploited workers ( they are willing to accept hard work and low pay orders from people of position )
Bowles and Gintis argue that the role of education is to : reproduce an obedient workforce that accepts inequality as inevitable
Bowles and gintis case study
they found that students who had creativity and showed independence
while those who showed obedience and discipline gained high grades
bowles and ginits conclude that schooling helps to produce the obedient workers . they believe that education stunts and distorts a students development
the correspondence principle and the hidden cirriculum
bowles and gintis argue that schools and workplaces are hierarchies, head teachers st the top and students at the bottom, for work, bosses at the top and workers at the bottom, obeying
bowles and gintis argues that the correspondence principle operates through the hidden curriculum - lessons in schools are indirectly taught
through this, schooling prepares wc pupils for their job in the future as exploited workers
correspondence principle
the relationships and structures found in education are mirrored or correspond to those in work.
willis- willing to labour
willis oputlines how schooling serves capitalism
the lads case study they found school so boring and therefore flouted rules and values, disrupting classes and truanting .They reject the schools meritocratic ideology hthat working class pupils can achieve middle class jobs through hard work
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second function of education ( specialist skills)
durkheim argued that education performs people for work : industrial society has a specialised division of labour which requires them to go under long periods of training to get a specific occupation- eg work in modern economy
