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T3 Neuro > Topic 5: Pain1: Intro > Flashcards

Topic 5: Pain1: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Define pain according to the international Association for the study of pain

A

And unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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2
Q

Can pain exist without tissue damage and without detection by current diagnostic methods?

Should it be excepted as pain?

A

Strong evidence suggest YES pain can exist without tissue damage.

YES, If people report pain in the same way as pain caused by tissue damage, it should be accepted as pain.

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3
Q

The bio psycho social model of pain

A

Pain does not consist simply of biological factors but also psychological and social factors.

i.e.: thoughts, emotions and behaviours such as psychological distress, fear/avoidance believes, current coping methods and social economical, social environmental, and cultural factors contribute

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4
Q

Acute pain

A
  • sudden onset usually sharp in quality
  • warning of disease or threat to the body
  • mostly does not last longer than six months, and disappears when underlying cause of pain has been treated or healed.
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5
Q

Can unrelieved acute pain lead to chronic pain?

A

Yyyyyeah

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6
Q

Chronic pain

A
  • pain persists despite the fact the injury has healed

- pain signals remain active in the nervous system for weeks, months, or years

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7
Q

Physical effects of chronic pain

A

Tense muscles

Limited mobility

Lack of energy

Changes in appetite

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8
Q

Emotional effects of chronic pain

A

Depression

Anger

Anxiety

Fear of re-injury

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9
Q

How is pain classified?

A

Adaptive or maladaptive

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10
Q

Adaptive pain

A

Serves as an early warning system of potential injury from damaging stimulus

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11
Q

Maladaptive pain

A

Persists and becomes even more intense after healing apparently is complete

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12
Q

Pains adaptive role in healing:

A

Forces us to rest and reduce the likelihood of further injury

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13
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

AKA: acute pain

  • detection of potentially tissue damaging noxious stimuli
  • Early warning system to detect and minimize contact with damaging or noxious stimuli
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14
Q

When nociceptive pain is engaged what does it overrule? and what reflex does it initiate?

A

Over rules most other neural functions

Initiates withdrawal reflex, demand immediate attention in action

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15
Q

What can congenital insensitivity to pain result in?

A

Self-mutilation

Bone fractures

Multiple scars

Joint deformities

Amputations and early death

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16
Q

Peripheral neuropathy leads to_____________.

A

A sensory denervation of joints.

Example: Charcot arthropathy

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17
Q

What is Charcot Arthropathy?

A

Charcot foot occurs in patients with peripheral neuropathy resulting from the adverse conditions including diabetes, mellitus, leprosy, syphilis, poliomyelitis, chronic alcoholism.

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18
Q

Inflammatory pain

A

Caused by activation of the immune system by tissue injury or infection.

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19
Q

Inflammatory pain is________ and ________.

A

Adaptive and protective

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20
Q

After tissue damage inflammatory pain heightens ___________.

A

Pain sensitivity

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21
Q

How does inflammatory pain assist in healing?

A

Discourages contact and movement

22
Q

Pathological pain

A

Maladaptive pain/. Pain that is not protective.

23
Q

Pathological pain is a result of_______.

A

Abnormal functioning of the nervous system

24
Q

pathological pain a disease state of the_______.

A

Nervous system

(It is not a symptom of some disorder).

25
Q

Pathological pain can be evoked when there is no_________, ________.

A

Damage to the nervous system (Neuropathic pain),

No inflammation

26
Q

Examples of conditions that can evoke maladaptive pain:

A

Fibromyalgia,
irritable bowel syndrome,
tension type headache, temporomandibular joint disease,
interstitial cystitis

And other syndromes in which there exists substantial pain but no noxious stimuli and no or minimal peripheral inflammatory pathology

27
Q

Pathological pain is a consequence of_____.

A

Amplified sensory signals in the CNS (Allodynia)

28
Q

Neuropathic pain can be from and coexist with_____.

A

Nociceptive pain

29
Q

Pain modulation regulated by ______ and __________ circuits in the CNS

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

30
Q

The CNS can either diminished or exaggerate pain depending on…

A

Mood, cognitive function, and memories.

31
Q

Genetic and epigenetic component of pain modulation

A

Susceptibility, hypersensitivity, and conversion from acute to chronic pain

32
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of genetic code itself.

33
Q

Phenotype

A

How genetic and environmental influences come together to create an organism’s physical appearance and behaviour.

34
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic code

35
Q

Epigenetic change can be influenced by…

A

Age, the environment and lifestyle, and disease state.

36
Q

Three neuron tract of pain

A

NEO SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT:

First order in the dorsal horn,

second order in the Thalamus,

third order in the primal somatosensory cortex

37
Q

Multi Neuron tract of pain

A

PALEOSPINOTHALAMIC TRACT

It goes through the limbic system and gives affective (emotional) component

38
Q

Axoplasmic transport

Aka axonal transport

Is??

A

As cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vessels, proteins, and organelles to and from a multi polar neurons cell body through the cytoplasm of its axon.

(Anterograde and retrograde)

39
Q

What is necessary for cell division and for axonal transport?

A

Microtubules

Pic: pg 7 of 17

40
Q

Neurotransmitters released by the peripheral axon of the C fibre

A

substance P and glutamate

41
Q

Mast cells

A

Immune cells release histamine

42
Q

Released by mast cells activated by substance P

A

Histamine

43
Q

Small protein hormones that have many normal cell functions and regulates cells involved in nonspecific and immune responses

A

Cytokines

44
Q

Released by damage cells that intensify and prolong the pain associated with inflammation

A

Prostaglandins

45
Q

A group of organic compounds found in high concentrations in meat products, especially internal organs such as liver and kidney, in general, plant-based diet are low in these

A

Purines

46
Q

Extremely potent mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reaction’s and inflammation, producing smooth muscle contraction especially bronchoconstriction, increase vasculature probability, and migration of leucocytes two areas of inflammation

A

Leukotrines

47
Q

Algogenic substances released into the ECF when cells are injured or destroyed, affecting C fibres in very low concentrations:

A 
Substance P and glutamate
Histamine
Cytokines
Prostaglandins
Purines
Leukotrines
48
Q

Central sensation or plasticity

A

Changes in levels of neurotransmitters and APs that occur in the CNS in response to repeated nerve stimulation

49
Q

Glutamate receptors

A

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)

50
Q

Glutamate acts in the spinal cord and in brain sites to amplify_________.

A

Sensory input from the periphery.

NMDA receives glutamate

51
Q

Increasing response and expansion of receptive fields to repeated input from C fibres

A

“Windup”

52
Q

Repeated or prolonged application of noxious stimuli and non-noxious stimuli result in ….

A

Enhanced CNS excitability and sensation.

T3 Neuro (2 decks)

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