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Further Additional Chemistry > Topic 5 - Organic Chermistry > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Organic Chermistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of compounds with the same general formula so have the same elements & similar molecular formula, giving them similar chemical properties & react in a similar way

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2
Q

How do the physical properties of the homologous series change as they increase in size?

A

The boiling points increase as size increases (e.g. in fractional distillation)

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3
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q 
What is the formula for:
methane?
ethane?
propane?
butane?
A

CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10

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5
Q

What is the difference between alkanes and alkenes?

A

Alkenes have at least one double bond in their chain of carbon atoms

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6
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene?

A

CnH2n

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7
Q

What is the formula for:
ethene?
propene?
butene?

A

C2H4
C3H6
C4H8

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8
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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9
Q 
What is the formula for:
methanol?
ethanol?
propanol?
butanol?
A

CH3OH
C2H5OH
C3H7OH
C4H9OH

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10
Q

What is the functional group of an alcohol?

A

-OH

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11
Q

What is the functional groups of carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

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12
Q

What is the general formula of carboxylic acid?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

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13
Q 
What is the formula for:
methanoic acid?
ethanoic acid?
propanoic acid?
butanoic acid?
A

HCOOH
CH3COOH
C2H5COOH
C3H7COOH

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14
Q

What is the symbol equation for the fermentation of glucose?

A

C6H12O6 –yeast–> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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15
Q

How would you make a dilute solution of ethanol from glucose/other carbohydrates?

A
  • Fermentation
  • Mix yeast (contains an enzyme) + solution of a carbohydrate in clean container. Seal + leave in warm place
  • Keep between 30 & 40˚C as temp than happens quicker (low = slower, fast = denaturing)
  • Keep in anaerobic conditions as O2 converts ethanol to ethanoic acid
  • When conc at 10-20% fermentation stops as yeast killed by alcohol
  • Yeast falls to bottom, can collect ethanol from top
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16
Q

After the fermentation of carbohydrates into alcohol, how can the alcohol be made more concentrated?

A

Distilling

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17
Q

What is the process through which alcohol can be made more concentrated?

A
  • Fractional distillation
  • Ethanol has lower boiling point than water so when fermentation mixture is heated, ethanol evaporates + vapour rises up fractionating column, while water stays liquid
  • Liebig condenser used to condense ethanol vapour by cooling it so concentrated ethanol can be collected in a separate flask
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18
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation?

A

+Uses renewable source so won’t run out

  • Poor quality of ethanol
  • So expensive to concentrate + purify ethanol
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19
Q

How is ethanol produced industrially?

A
  • Ethene (C2H4) made by cracking crude oil fractions

- Ethene reacts with steam to make ethanol

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20
Q

What is the advantage of the industrial production of ethanol?

A
  • Relatively cheap as ethane’s fairly cheap + not much wasted
  • Made in large chemical plant so made continuously + quickly. Product = high quality + needs little further processing
21
Q

What is the disadvantage of the industrial production of ethanol?

A

-Ethane’s produced from crude oil which isn’t renewable so ethanol will become v. expensive

22
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction of ethene with water?

A

ethene + water (steam) –> ethanol

23
Q

What effects does alcohol have on the body?

A
  • Less inhibited so socialise + relax w/ each other
  • Reduces activity of nervous system, increasing reaction times, impaired judgement, poor balance/coordination, unconsciousness, coma
  • In excess = dehydration, damaging brain cells causing drop in brain function leading to long term memory loss. Also liver damage = liver disease
24
Q

What effects does alcohol have on society?

A
  • Loutish behaviour + violence
  • Addiction, alcoholism, leading to family breakdowns, + alcoholics losing their jobs or becoming homeless
  • Drunk = irresponsible sexual behaviour, increasing risk of catching STIs
  • Drink driving = serious injury/death
  • Economic costs: more people to deal w/ drunks
25
Q

How is ethene formed from ethanol?

A
  • Dehydration

- Ethanol vapour passed over hot aluminium oxide catalyst

26
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the dehydration of ethanol?

A

ethanol –> ethene + water

C2H5OH –> C2H4 + H2O

27
Q

How is vinegar produced from ethanol?

A
  • Wine/beer left open to air, ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid
  • Ethanoic acid is the acid in vinegar
  • Vinegar is used for preserving foods + flavourings
28
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the oxidation of ethanol?

A

ethanol + oxygen –> vinegar + water

CH3CH2OH + O2 –> CH3COOH + H2O

29
Q

With ethanoic acid as an example, how to carboxylic acids react with metals?

A

ethanoic acid + magnesium –> hydrogen + magnesium ethanoate

2CH3COOH + Mg –> H2 + (CH3COO)2Mg

30
Q

With ethanoic acid as an example, how to carboxylic acids react with bases?

A

ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide –> sodium ethanoate + water
CH3COOH + NaOH –> CH3COONa + H2O

31
Q

With ethanoic acid as an example, how to carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A

ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate –> sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 –> 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

32
Q

What effect does ethanoic acid (and all acids) have on universal indicator and blue litmus paper?

A
  • Turns universal indicator orange/red

- Turns blue litmus paper red

33
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

-COO-

34
Q

When are esters formed?

A

When an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid (acid catalysts usually used e.g. concentrated sulphuric acid)

35
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid –> ester + water

36
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the production of the ester ethyl ethanoate?

A

ethanoic acid + ethanol –> ethyl ethanoate + water

CH3COOH + C2H5OH –> CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

37
Q

What are esters used for?

A

-Perfumes
-Used to make flavourings + aromas
(-Often smell sweet + fruity)

38
Q

What is a polyester?

A

Polymers (long chain molecules) which contain the ester functional group

39
Q

What can polyester be used for?

A
  • Plastic bottles
  • Polyester fibres can be made into fabric e.g. to make clothes, lighter/cheaper to use than some traditional materials e.g. wool
  • Can be recycled + turned into fleece to make clothing
40
Q

How are soaps formed?

A

When an ester reacts with an alkali

41
Q

How can fats and oils be made into soap?

A
  • Fats or oils are a type of ester
  • Can be boiled up w/ concentrated alkali solution to make soap
  • Oil/fat breaks down into glycerol + long chain carboxylic acids + the carboxylic acids go on to react with the alkali
42
Q

What does hydrophobic mean and what part of the soap anion is this usually?

A

Doesn’t like water but attracted to grease. Normally the long hydrocarbon chain or ‘tail’ of the molecule

43
Q

What does hydrophilic mean and what part of the soap anion is this usually?

A

Dissolves in water (+ not oil + fat). Normally small + ionic, the ‘head’

44
Q

What do soap anions do?

A
  • Let water + oil mix
  • Soap anions surround the oil + form droplets
  • e.g. this is how washing soap helps lift oily stains out of fabric
45
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

At least on C=C double bond

46
Q

How does the texture of unsaturated oils compare to that of saturated oils?

A

-Unsaturated = less viscous

47
Q

How can liquid unsaturated oils be changed to solid unsaturated oils?

A
  • By breaking the double bonds + adding hydrogen
  • Nickel catalyst used to help reaction, w/ high temp, pressure
  • Called catalytic hydrogenation
  • Nickel catalyst is solid + can be filtered out again
  • As filtered oil cools down to room temp, turns into a solid fat
48
Q

What are polyunsaturated vegetable oils used for?

A

To make margarine through hydrogenation

Further Additional Chemistry (5 decks)

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