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BIOMGC > Topic 5- Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Topic 5- Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Heredity

A

The tramsission of traits from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Variation

A

presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species

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3
Q

Genes

A

coded information in the from of hereditary units

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4
Q

Gametes

A

reproductive cells, the vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to the next

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5
Q

Somatic cells

A

all the cells in the body except gametes

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6
Q

Locus

A

genes specific location along the length of a chromosome

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7
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Organisims that reproduce asexually that are a genetic exact copy of themselves.

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8
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

two parents give rise to offspring that have a unique combination of genes

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9
Q

karyotype

A

Image of chromosomes, starting with the largest chromosome

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10
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes of a pair have the same length, centromere position and staining pattern.

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11
Q

sex chromosomes

A

The X and Y chromsomes

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12
Q

autosomes

A

The chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes

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13
Q

diploid cell

A

Any cell with two chromosome sets

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14
Q

haploid cell

A

gametes contain a single set of chromosomes

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15
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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16
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that makes gametes

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17
Q

alternation of generations

A

a plants lifecycle as it alternates between a sexual phase and an asexual phase

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18
Q

P.M.A.T

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase

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19
Q

Prophase i

A

Duplicated homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments, spindle formation and nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosomes confense

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20
Q

Metaphase i

A

Chromosomes line up by homologous pairs

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21
Q

Anaphase i

A

The two homologous chromosoems of each pair seperate

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22
Q

Telophase i and cytokinesis

A

Two haploids cells form each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids

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23
Q

Prophase ii

A

Spinde Apparatus forms

24
Q

Methaphase ii

A

chromosomes are positioned at the metaphase plates, lined up

25
Anaphase ii
sister chromatids break apart at the centromere
26
Telophase ii and cytokenesis
nuclei form, division of one parent cell produces four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes
27
Mitosis
division of cells that are not gemetes
28
Independant Assortment
the process where the chromosomes move randomly to separate poles during meiosis
29
true-breeding
an organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits
30
hybridisation
the crossing of two true-breeding varities, also known as the P-generation
31
P-generation
parental generation of true-breeding organisims
32
F1 Generation
Hybrid offspirng of two true-breeding organisims
33
F2 Generation
F1 generations self pollination generation
34
alleles
one of two or more versions of DNA sequence
35
law of segrigation
two alleles for a heritable character segragate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
36
monohybrid cross
the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait
37
dyhybrids
two individuals with a heterozygous being followed in the cross
38
complete dominance
a form of dominance in the heterozygous condition wherein the allele that is regarded as dominant completely masks the effect of the allele that is recessive
39
incomplete dominance
form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype
40
codominance
type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual, can affect a phenotype in different ways.
41
pleiotropy
the phenomenon in which a single locus affects two or more apparently unrelated phenotypic traits
42
locus
a locus is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located
43
epistasis
circumstance where the expression of one gene is modified (e.g., masked, inhibited or suppressed) by the expression of one or more other genes
44
quantative characters
characters such as height, human skin colour are not two discrete characters, but instead vary in the population in gradiuationg along a continumn
45
chromosome theory of inheritancec
Boveri and Sutton's chromosome theory of inheritance states that genes are found at specific locations on chromosomes, and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can explain Mendel's laws of inheritance
46
Wild Type
The phenoype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations
47
genetic recombination
the rearrangement of DNA sequences by the breakage and rejoining of chromosomes or chromosome segments
48
parental types
offsrping that have genotypes like parents
49
recombination types
offspring that have a new combination of alleles
50
genetic map
an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome
51
linkage map
genetic map based on recombination frequencies is called a linkage map
52
map units
distances between genes
53
nondisjunction
a pair of homologous chromosomes has failed to separate or segregate at anaphase so that both chromosomes of the pair pass to the same daughter cell
54
aneuploidy
abnormal number of chromosomes
55
monosomic
a cell that has only a single copy of a given chromosome
56
trisomic
a chromosomal condition characterised by an additional chromosome

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