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BIOMGC > Topic 1- Cells and Cells Structure > Flashcards

Topic 1- Cells and Cells Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

Membrane bound organelle in which most organelles are membrane bound, the DNA is found in the nucleus.

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2
Q

Vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus. Have many functions such as helping rid waste products and support the cell wall of a plant cell.

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3
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

DNA is in a region which is not membrane bound called the nucleoid

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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

DNA is in a region which is not membrane bound called the nucleoid

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5
Q

Nucleoid

A

Area in a prokaryotic cell which contains most genetic material in the cell.

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

The intracellular fluid found within a cell

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7
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A selective barrier that allows the passage of oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service an entire cell

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell. Double membraned.

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9
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that carry the genetic information, with one long DNA molecule.

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

A mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

Densely stained granules and fibers adjoining part of the chromatin. A type of RNA is synthesized here, ribosomal RNA

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and proteins, they carry out protein synthesis. Not membrane bound

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14
Q

Endomembrane system

A

A system that includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles and the plasma membrane. Carries out many tasks such as synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins, metabolism and movement of lipids and detoxification of posions.

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15
Q

Vesicles

A

sacs made of membrane that transport molecules

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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

An extensive network of membranes consists of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae.. Separates the internal compartment of the ER from the cytosol.

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17
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lacks outer surface cytosols

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18
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes attached to the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelopes outer membrane.

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19
Q

Functions of the Smooth ER

A

Synthesis of Lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons and storage of calcium ions.

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20
Q

Functions of the Rough ER

A

Many cells secrete proteins that are produced by ribosomes attached to rough ER.

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21
Q

Four major macromolecules for life

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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22
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

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23
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Products of the ER are stored and sent to other destinations from the golgi apparatus. Consists of groups of flattened membranouse sacs, cisternae. Molecules travel though the cisternae and are modified. Also manufactures some macromolecules

25
Cis and trans face of the golgi apparatus
cos face is usually located near the ER, trans face gives rise to vesicles that pinch off and travel to other sites
26
Protein
Made from amino acids, have multiple functions
27
Carbohydrates
An organic compound such as sugar or starch, and is used to store energy
28
Lipids
fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins, hydrocarbons that makes up the building blocks and function living cells
29
Nucleic Acids
Composed of nucleotides, function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of genomic information
30
Nucleotides
A nucleotide consists of a base (one of four chemicals: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) plus a molecule of sugar and one of phosphoric acid.
31
Lysosome
A membranous sac of digestive enzymes, lysosomal enzymes work best in acidic environments. Carry out intracellular digestion. The enzymes are made by the rough ER and through the golgi apparatus.
32
Phagocyotosis
Amoebas and other unicellular eukaryotes engulf smaller organisms for food particles in a process called phagocytosis
33
Food Vacuoles
Essentially a lysosome
34
Contractiles vacuoles
Pump out excess water out of the cell, therby mantaining a suitable concerntation of ion and moleces throughout the cell.
35
Central Vacuole
Plays a large role in the growth of plant cells, vacuoles absob water which enlarges it and supports shape and turgidity of the plant cell
36
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels
37
Chloroplasts
Only in plants. Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water
38
Endosymbiont theory
A theory which states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using photosynthetic prokaryotic cell, evnetually undergoing a state of symbiosis and becoming eukaryotes we know today
39
Mitochondrial Cristae
Inner membrane of the mitochondria, the infoldings of this membrane
40
Mitochondrial Matrix
enclosed by the inner membrane. Contains enzymes as well as mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.
41
Thylakoids
Inside of Chloroplasts, flattened interconnected sacs. Site of light-dependant reactions
42
Granum
each individual stack in a thylakoid
43
Stroma
The fluid outside the thylakoids which contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes and also lots of enzymes
44
Plastids
double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and algae.
45
Peroxisome
Specialised metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane. Ctains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and trasfer them to oxygen
46
Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.. Major roles include mechanical and mobility support to help maintain the shape of the cell and also to assits its mobility.
47
Motor proteins
class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoplasm of animal cells
48
Microtubules
hollow rods constructed from globular proteins called tubulins, each tubulin has a dimer. Microtubules grow with the addition of dimers they can also be disassembled
49
Centrosome
A region that is often near the nucleus.
50
Centrioles
In the centrosome there is a pair of centrioles each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubule
51
Flagella
microscopic hair-like structures involved in the locomotion of a cell
52
Cilia
short eyelashlike filament that is numerous on tissue cells of most animals and provides the means for locomotion of protozoans of the phylum Ciliophora
53
Microfilaments
Thin solid rods that help support the cell shape
54
Cell Wall
extracellular structure of plant cells, maintains shape and prevents excess water from leaving the cell
55
Primary Cell wall
a thin flexible wall secreted by a young plant cell
56
Middle lamella
Thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins. Glues adjacent cells together
57
Secondary Cell Wall
Between the plasma membrane and the primary wall. The secondary wall oftein deposited in several laminated layers, has a strong and durable matrix that affords the cell protection and support
58
Extracellular Matrix
three-dimensional network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals, such as collagen, enzymes, glycoproteins and hydroxyapatite that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells

BIOMGC (3 decks)

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