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Physics GCSE > Topic 5 - Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Flashcards

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1
Q

ray diagram

A

a way of modelling what happens when light is reflected or refracted

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2
Q

normal line

A

the line drawn at right angles to the barrier or mirror

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3
Q

law of reflection

A

when the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence

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4
Q

refraction

A

When ray of light moves into a material and travels at a different speed, so it changes direction

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5
Q

total internal reflection

A

when light is completely reflected inside the glass

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6
Q

how do you see luminous objects

A

when light from the object enters you’re eyes

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7
Q

how do you see non-luminous objects

A

when the object reflects light

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8
Q

diffuse reflection

A

when the reflected light is scattered in all directions

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9
Q

specular reflection

A

when an object reflects the light evenly

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10
Q

what does ‘white light’ consist of

A

a mixture of different colours

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11
Q

how does a colour look white

A

it reflects all of the colours

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12
Q

filter

A

piece of transparent material that absorb some of the colours in the white light

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13
Q

how do we see colours (e.g. yellow)

A

all the colours are absorbed except yellow which is reflected

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14
Q

how do we say a blue colour using a blue filter?

A

a blue filter transmits (allows through) blue light and absorbed all the other colours

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15
Q

power of a lens

A

describes how much it bends light that passes through it

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16
Q

describe the shape of a converging lens

A

fatter in the middle than at the edges (oval)

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17
Q

what does a converging lens do to the rays of light

A

it makes parallel rays of light converge (come together) at the focal point

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18
Q

focal length

A

The distance between the focal point and the centre of the lens

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19
Q

describe the shape of a diverging lens

A

thinner in the middle, then at the edges

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20
Q

focal point

A

The point from which the race seems to be coming after passing through the lens

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21
Q

How are real images formed?

A

When light rays come together

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22
Q

real image

A

an image that can be projected onto screen

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23
Q

when is a real image formed?

A

When an object is distant from a converging lens

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24
Q

If an object is distant from a converging lens? What does it produce?

A

produce a real image that is smaller than the object and also inverted (upside down)

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25
Q

Virtual image

A

An image that cannot be projected onto a screen

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26
Q

When will a converging lens produce a virtual image?

A

If the object is too close to the lens

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27
Q

What do divergent lens produce?

A

virtual images that are the same way up, much smaller and closer to the lens and the object

28
Q

What colour do low frequencies produce?

A

red

29
Q

What colours do high frequencies produce?

A

Blue

30
Q

What do different frequencies of visible light produce?

A

Different colours

31
Q

what type of wave are electromagnetic wave?

A

Transverse

32
Q

What are the seven colours in the visible spectrum?

A

Red orange, yellow green blue indigo violet

33
Q

what happens if the frequency of an electromagnetic wave is lower than that of red light?

A

Humans eyes cannot see it

34
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

The full range of electromagnetic waves

35
Q

name the electromagnetic spectrum starting with the smallest frequency?

A

radio-waves, micro-waves, infrared, ultra violet, X-rays, gamma rays

36
Q

what is visible light?

A

the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that detect

37
Q

infrared radiation

A

A type of reading energy that is invisible to human eyes, but we can feel as heat

38
Q

examples of infrared radiation

A
  • Used for communication ranges such as between computer computers in the same room or from a TV to it remote control
  • A grill or toaster transfers energy to food
  • Security systems - they often have senses that can detect infrared radiation omitted by intruders
39
Q

microwave examples

A
  • Used for communications and satellite transmissions including mobile phones signals
  • Used in a microwave oven - transfer energy to the food heating it up
40
Q

Radio wave examples

A

used for transmitting radio broadcast and TV programmes

41
Q

How a radio waves produced

A

by oscillations in an electrical circuits

42
Q

what are oscillations

A

Variations in current voltage

43
Q

how are radio waves transmitted?

A
  • A metal rod wire can be used aerial to receive radio waves
  • rasio waves are absorbed by the metal and cause oscillations in electrical circuit to connect to the aerial
44
Q

what happens when radio waves reach the ionosphere?

A

if they reach the ionosphere at the right angle, they may be refracted enough to send them back towards the Earth

45
Q

refraction

A

The bending of the path of wave of due to a change of velocity

46
Q

ionosphere

A

region of charged particles in the atmosphere

47
Q

what happens when microwaves reached the ionosphere?

A

They transmit through and are not refracted

48
Q

how does the temperature of the earth stay the same?

A

It was right energy into space at the same average rate is absorbed

49
Q

greenhouse effect

A

When some gas is in a atmosphere naturally absorb some energy keeping the air at a higher temperature than if there were an atmosphere

50
Q

fluorescence

A

When some materials absorb ultralight radiation and remit it as a visible light

51
Q

how do x-rays work

A

The race can pass through muscles and fat easily, but bone absorbs some x-rays

52
Q

Gamma ray examples

A
  • used to sterilise food and surgical instruments by killing potentially harmful microorganisms
  • Used to kill cancer cells in radiotherapy
53
Q

how does radio-therapy work

A
  • A chemical that emits gamma rays is injected into the blood
  • the chemical is designed to collect inside cancer cells
  • a scanner outside the body then locates the cancer by finding the source of the gamma rays
54
Q

microwave dangers

A
  • Our bodies mostly water so the microwaves could heat cells from the inside
55
Q

dangers of infrared radiation

A

Too much infrared radiation can damage or destroy cells causing bones to the skin

56
Q

UV radiation dangers

A
  • Can cause sunburn and damage DNA
  • Too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation can lead to skin cancer
57
Q

dangers of x-rays and gamma rays

A
  • Can penetrate the body
  • Excessive exposure to x-rays of gamma rays may cause mutations in DNA that can kill cells or cause cancer
58
Q

how is electromagnetic radiation produced

A

By the changes in the electrons or the nuclear atoms

59
Q

critical angle

A

The angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90°
-> angle of incidence for total internal reflection

60
Q

Why is the satellite needed to give microwaves a similar range to radio wave?

A

because there is a maximum range for microwave communications because of the curved surface of the earth gets in the way

61
Q

Why is the satellite needed to give microwaves a similar range to radio wave?

A

because there is a maximum range for microwave communications because of the curved surface of the earth gets in the way

62
Q

how to wave lengths change the amount of radiation emitted by an object

A

The higher the temperature, the shorter the wavelength and higher temperatures mean more radiation emitted by an object

63
Q

how does an system stay at constant temperature?

A

It must absorb the same power as it radiates

64
Q

explain the greenhouse effect

A

greenhouse gases naturally absorb some energy in the atmosphere and this results in the Earth heating up due to the fact that the energy is being trapped and the Earth and atmosphere are radiating less power than they receive

65
Q

uv radiation uses

A
  • used to disinfect water by killing microorganisms in it
66
Q

when is fluorescent ink visible?

A

When ultraviolet light shines on them

Physics GCSE (9 decks)

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