Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Topic 5 Homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 5 Homeostasis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

The regulation of internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal + external changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Homeostasis maintain optimum cellular conditions for?

A

Enzyme action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name three examples of homeostatic control in the body

A
  • blood glucose concentration
  • body temperature
  • water content in blood + cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name two types of responses that control conditions of the human body

A
  • nervous

- chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a receptor cell?

A

Cells that detect stimuli (changes in the environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name three coordination centres

A
  • brain
  • spinal chord
  • pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name two types of effectors

A
  • muscle

- gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

State what the effectors do to bring about a response

A
  • muscle contracts

- gland secretes enzyme/hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A

Enables humans to react the their surroundings and coordinate behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is CNS?

A

Central Nervous System, including brain and spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nervous system:

a->b->c->d->e

A

a) stimulus
b) receptor
c) coordinator
d) effector
e) response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the three types of neurone

A
  • sensory
  • relay
  • motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between two neurones where a signal passes from one neurone to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Summarise how a synapse works

A
  • impulse arrives at the end of a neurone
  • neurotransmitter released into synaptic gap
  • neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic gap
  • neurotransmitter binds to receptors on a second neurone
  • a new electrical impulse is generated in the second neurone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are reflex actions rapid?

A

They don’t involve the brain so no conscious thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are reflex actions for?

A

Reactions to remove the body from danger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the brain made up of?

A

Billions of interconnected neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the three main parts of the brain

A
  • cerebal cortex
  • cerebellum
  • medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is investigating functions of the brain difficult?

A

It is a complex and delicate organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can scientists investigate brain function?

A
  • electrically stimulating areas in a conscious patient and recording their response
  • MRI scans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the two stimuli the eye is sensitive to

A
  • light intensity

- colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name the muscle that changes the shape of the lens of the eye

A

Ciliary muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name the ligaments in the eye that help change the lens shape

A

Suspensory ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name the part of the eye that controls how much light enters through the pupil

A

Iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name the part of the eye that allows light through

A

Pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name the part of the eye that is transparent and covers the eyeball

A

Cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name the part of the eye that focuses light into the eye

A

Lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name the part of the eye that gathers information and sends it to the brain

A

Optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Name the part of the eye with no light receptor cells

A

Blind spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Name the white part of the eye which acts as a protective layer

A

Sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Name the part of the eye which is a thin layer containing millions of receptor cells

A

Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to the suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles when the eye focuses light NEAR objects?

A
  • suspensory ligaments LOOSEN

- ciliary muscles CONTRACT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens to the suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles when the eye focuses light FAR objects?

A
  • suspensory ligaments TIGHTEN

- ciliary muscles RELAX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What shape is the lens when the eye focuses NEAR an object?

A

Thicker, more curved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does the shape of the lens when it is thicker + more curved affect light refraction?

A

Refracts light strongly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What shape is the lens when the eye focuses on FAR objects?

A

Thinner, less curved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How does the shape of the lens when it is thinner and less curved affect light refraction?

A

Refracts light slightly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Name the two muscle types in the eye that control the amount of light end

A

Radical and circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

In high light intensity, what happens to the muscles to cause pupils to dilate?

A
  • radical muscles RELAX

- circular muscles CONTRACT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In low light intensity what happens to these muscles to cause to dilate?

A
  • radical muscles CONTRACT

- circular muscles RELAX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What kind of lens would correct myopia (short sightedness)?

A

Concave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What kind of lens would correct hyperopia (long sightedness)?

A

Convex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What monitors and controls body temperature?

A

The thermoregulatory centre of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Name two ways the body responds if temperature is too high

A
  • blood vessels dilate (vasodilation)

- sweat produced from sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How do these responses lower body temp?

A

Cause energy to be transferred from skin to the environment

46
Q

Name three ways the body responds if temperatures are too low

A
  • blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction)
  • sweating stops
  • skeletal muscles contract rapidly (shivering)
47
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

Glands which secrete chemicals called hormones

48
Q

How is a chemical ‘message’ transported to the target organ in animals?

A

Via the bloodstream

49
Q

Compare the speed and duration of hormonal control to nervous control

A

(Hormonal) slower but acts for longer

50
Q

What is referred to as the ‘master gland’?

A

The pituitary gland

51
Q

Name the gland which produces human growth hormone + found in the brain

A

Pituitary gland

52
Q

Name the gland which produces many digestive enzymes

A

Pancréas

53
Q

Name the gland which produces testosterone

A

Testes

54
Q

Name the gland which produces thyroxine

A

Thyroid

55
Q

Name the gland which produces adrenaline

A

Adrenal gland

56
Q

Name the gland which produces hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone

A

Ovary

57
Q

What is monitored for changes in glucose concentration?

A

The blood

58
Q

What controls the response to changes in blood glucose concentration?

A

The pancreas

59
Q

What is produced if blood glucose concentration is too high?

A

Insulin, a hormone

60
Q

State two ways insulin lowers blood glucose concentration

A

Causes glucose to move from blood to cells

Triggers conversion of glucose into glycogen

61
Q

What is produced if blood glucose concentration is too low?

A

Glucagon, a hormone

62
Q

State how glucagon helps to increase blood glucose concentration

A

Triggers breakdown of glycogen into glucose which is released into the blood

63
Q

Name two places in the body glycogen is stored

A

Muscle cells

Liver

64
Q

What is the process called which responds to the change from normal levels in the body by restoring them back to normal levels?

A

Negative feedback

65
Q

Type 1 diabetes is caused by..

A

An inhability to male insulin in the pancreas

66
Q

Type 2 diabetes in caused by..

A

A lack of response by cells to insulin

67
Q

What happens to human cells if they lose too much water?

A

Shrivel and eventually die

68
Q

What happens to the cells of the gain too much water?

A

Swell and eventually burst (lyse)

69
Q

Name two ways other than excretion in which water is lost front the body

A

Exhalation from the lungs

Sweat from the skin

70
Q

In addition to water, what else is lost via sweat?

A

Ions and urea

71
Q

What is removed from the body by the kidneys via urine?

A

Excess water, excess ions and urea

72
Q

Excess amino acids are broken down into…

A

Ammonia

73
Q

Within the body, ammonia immediately converts into what?

A

Urea

74
Q

Where does conversion of ammonia to urea occur?

A

The liver

75
Q

Which hormone controls water balance of the body and where is it made?

A

ADH

76
Q

Which part of the kidney does ADH effect?

A

Kidney tubule walls

77
Q

When is ADH released?

A

When cells lose too much water

78
Q

What is the effect in urine concentration and volume when ADH is released?

A

Higher concertation

Lower volume

79
Q

What is the effect on urine concentration and volume when ADH is not released?

A

Lower concentration

Higher volume

80
Q

How does ADH affect the walls of the kidney tubes?

A

Increases number of aquaporin channels, increasing volume of water reabsorbed into the blood

81
Q

State two methods of treating kidney failure

A

Dialysis and kidney transplant

82
Q

Name the main female hormone involved in development and reproduction

A

Oestrogen

83
Q

What does testosterone cause to happen in men?

A

Stimulates sperm production

84
Q

Approx how often is an egg released from the ovaries + what is this process called?

A

Every 28 days, ovulation

85
Q

What does the release of FSH cause?

A

Maturation of an egg in ovaries

86
Q

The release of which hormone stimulates the release of an egg from the ovaries?

A

Luteinising hormone (LH)

87
Q

Which hormones are involved in the maintenance of the uterus lining?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

88
Q

How do oral contraceptives containing hormones prevent pregnancy?

A

Inhibits FSH production so no eggs mature

89
Q

How does an injection, implant or skin patch containing slow release progesterone prevent pregnancy?

A

Inhibits the maturation of eggs

90
Q

How do barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms prevent pregnancy?

A

Prevent sperm from reaching the egg

91
Q

How do intrauterine devices prevent pregnancy?

A

Prevents implantation of an embryo and/or releases hormones

92
Q

How do spermicidal agents prevent pregnancy?

A

Kills or disable sperm

93
Q

How does abstaining from sexual intercourse prevent pregnancy?

A

Reduces chance of sperm meeting an egg in the oviduct

94
Q

How does surgical sterilisation prevent pregnancy?

A

Prevents sperm or eggs being released

95
Q

Name two hormones given to a woman to increase fertility

A

FSH and LH

96
Q

Detail the four steps in IVF treatment

A
  • mother is given FSH and LH to stimulate maturation of several eggs
  • eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in the lab
  • fertilised eggs develop into embryos
  • one or two embryos are inserted into the woman’s womb
97
Q

State three drawbacks to IVF treatment

A
  • very emotionally and physically stressful
  • success rate is low
  • can lead to multiple births which are a risk to babies and mother
98
Q

State a positive of IVF treatment

A

Allows pregnancy when not previously possible

99
Q

Name a hormone which controls ‘fight or flight’ reaction in humans

A

Adrenaline

100
Q

Explain two effects of adrenaline on the body

A
  • increases heart rate

- increases oxygen delivery and glucose to the brain

101
Q

Where is thyroxine made?

A

Thyroid gland

102
Q

What does thyroxine do in the body?

A

Increase base metabolic rate, therefor increasing growth and development

103
Q

What is the plant response to light called?

A

Phototropism

104
Q

What is gravitropism or geotropism?

A

The plant response to gravity

105
Q

What is the role of gibberellins?

A

Initiates seed germination

106
Q

What is the plant hormone that controls cell division + ripening fruits?

A

Ethene

107
Q

In which industries are plant hormones regularly used?

A

Agricultural and horticulture

108
Q

State three ways in which auxins are used

A
  • weed killers
  • rooting powders
  • promoting growth of plant tissue cultures
109
Q

How is ethene used in the food industry?

A

To control the ripening of fruit during storage and transport

110
Q

How are gibberellins used in industry?

A
  • end dormancy
  • promote flowing
  • increase fruit size

Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions