Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Flashcards
How does the WHO define ‘health’?
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’
Can a physically fit person be unhealthy?
Yes, as they may be mentally ill
What is a communicable disease?
A disease that can be spread by individuals
Cholera - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:
- A bacterium called vibrio cholorae
- Diarrhoea
- Via contaminated water sources
- Make sure people have access to safe water
Tuberculosis - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:
- A bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Coughing and lung damage
- Through the air, when people cough
- Avoid crowded people, practise good hygiene
Malaria - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:
- A protist
- Damage to red blood cells
- Mosquitoes pass it to humans
- Mosquito nets and insect repellent
Stomach Ulcers - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:
- A bacterium called Helicobacter pylori
- Stomach pain and vomiting
- Oral transmission
- Hygienic living conditions
Ebola - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:
- Ebola virus
- Haemorrhagic fever (a fever with bleeding)
- Via bodily fluids
- Isolate infected individuals
Chalara ash dieback - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:
- A fungus that infects ash trees
- Leaf loss and bark lesions
- Carried by the wind
- Removing infected trees
What does a virus need to reproduce?
A living cell that it can take over
What are the two virus lifecycles?
- Lytic
- Lysogenic
Briefly describe the lytic cycle of a virus:
- Virus attaches itself to a host cell
- Virus uses proteins and enzymes in the host to replicate its DNA and structures
- Viral components assemble
- Host cell splits open, releasing the viruses
Briefly describe the lysogenic cycle of a virus:
- Genetic information is injected into the genome
- Viral genetic material replicates with the cells own DNA
What is an STI?
Sexually Transmitted Infection
Describe 2 STI’s:
- Chlamydia: Causes infertility, can be prevented by using a condom
- HIV: Weakens the immune system, leads to AIDS, avoid sharing needles and use a condom
What are physical barriers in plants?
- Waxy cuticle
- Cell walls
What are chemical barriers in plants?
- Production of antiseptics
- Produce chemicals to deter insects
What are physical barriers in humans?
- Skin
- Hairs and mucus in nose
- Cells in bronchi produce mucus
What are chemical barriers in humans?
- Production of HCl in stomach
- Eyes produce lysozyme in tears which kills bacteria on the eye surface
How does a B-Lymphocyte deal with a pathogen?
- Comes across the antigen on a pathogen
- Produces matching antibodies
- Antibodies attach to the pathogens and kill
- Antibodies find the same antigen in the rest of the body
Why is a Memory Lymphocyte key to the immune system?
They remember a specific antigen and remain in the body. This means that if the same pathogen attacks, it can wipe it out very quickly
How does immunisation work?
- Dead or inactive pathogens are injected
- Immune system makes antibodies, and wipes out the pathogen
- Memory lymphocytes are made for if the pathogen attacks you in the future
- This ensures that the pathogen will be wiped out quickly
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Identical antibodies
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
- Mouse injected with antigen
- B-Lymphocytes taken from mouse
- B-Lymphocytes fused with myeloma (a tumour) cell to form a hybridoma
- Hybridoma divides quickly to produce lots of clones that produce monoclonal antibodies
