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Biology > Topic 3 - Genetics > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does sexual reproduction produce?

A

Genetically different cells

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2
Q

What type of cell is a gamete?

A

Haploid cell

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3
Q

What are the two gametes?

A
  • Sperm

- Egg

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4
Q

By what process are gametes produced?

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

Briefly describe the process of meiosis:

A
  • DNA duplicates
  • One chromosome from each parent pairs with another
  • Cells divide
  • Chromosomes line up again
  • Cells divide, forming 4 haploid daughter cells
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6
Q

What type of cell division happens in asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Genetic variation

- Natural selection

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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Takes more time and energy

- Two parents needed

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9
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Produces lots of offspring very quickly

- Only one parent is needed

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • No genetic reproduction

- High chance of carrying diseases

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11
Q

What is a DNA strand?

A

A polymer made up of lots of repeating units called nucleotides

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12
Q

What are the 4 DNA bases?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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13
Q

What is DNA stored as?

A

Chromosomes

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14
Q

What is the name given to a section of a chromosome that codes for a protein?

A

Gene

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15
Q

How are proteins made?

A

By reading the code in DNA

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16
Q

What is a protein made up of?

A

A string of amino acids, in a specific order that can fold up into a particular shape

17
Q

What is a non-coding region of DNA?

A

An area of the DNA that doesn’t code for an amino acid

18
Q

What is a genetic mutation?

A

When part of a gene changes, meaning that the protein cannot fold up, or the amino acids are in the wrong order

19
Q

Describe transcription in protein synthesis:

A
  • RNA Polymerase binds to the non-coding region of a gene
  • The two DNA strands unzip, and the RNA polymerase moves along the strand
  • It makes mRNA by using the strand as a template
  • Once made, the mRNA moves out and goes to a ribosome
20
Q

Describe translation in protein synthesis:

A
  • Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA
  • The mRNA shows the order for the proteins to be fitted together in
  • Amino acids are joined together in the correct order, forming a polypeptide/protein
21
Q

What did Mendel do with pea plants?

A
  • Bred a tall and short pea plant, which produced all tall offspring
  • Bred these offspring together, and some were tall, so were short
22
Q

What did Mendel’s experiments show?

A

The height characteristic was determined by separately inherited ‘hereditary units’ (Tt)

23
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different variations of the same gene

24
Q

What are the two types of allele?

A
  • Dominant

- Recessive

25
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Physical characteristic

26
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Combination of alleles

27
Q

What are the three ways to show inheritance?

A
  • Genetic diagram
  • Punnett square
  • Family Pedigree
28
Q

What is the notation in a family pedigree diagram?

A
  • Cricle = Female
  • Square = Male
  • Coloured = Affected
  • Half-Coloured = Carrier
  • Empty = Unaffected
29
Q

What is a sex-linked genetic disorder?

A

A disorder caused by a faulty allele on a sex chromosome

30
Q

Name 2 sex-linked genetic disorders:

A
  • Colour blindness

- Haemophilia

31
Q

Why are males more likely to inherit a sex-linked disorder?

A

Because they only have 1 X chromosome, so cannot compensate for it as the Y chromosome is a lot shorter

32
Q

What are the 4 blood groups

A
  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
33
Q

Which two alleles for blood group are co-dominant?

A

A and B

34
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences between organisms of the same species

35
Q

What was the human genome project?

A

A project to map every single human gene

36
Q

How many human genes did the Human Genome project map?

A

20,500

37
Q

How long did the Human Genome Project last?

A

13 years - 1990 until 2013

38
Q

What are the medical applications for the HGP?

A
  • Prediction of diseases
  • Prevention of diseases
  • Development of medicines
  • Testing for gentic disorders

Biology (9 decks)

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