Topic 5 Health ,disease And The Development Of Medicines(Completed) Flashcards
What is the definition of health
State of complete physical,mental and social well being
What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diesease
Communicable:can be spread from person to person
Non communicable:cannot be spread from person to person
What are the 4 types of pathogens
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists
When a person gets one disease this can cause them to be I’ll and affect their immune system which then makes them more susceptible to other diseases
What do the common infections cause
Cholera
Tuberculosis
Chalara ash dieback
Malaria
HIV
Dysentery
Cholera-diarrhoea
Tuberculosis-lung damage
Ash dieback-leaf loss and bark lesions
Malaria-damage to blood and liver
HIV-destroys white blood cells leading to aids
Dysentery-cough blood
How are these disease spread
Cholera
Tuberculosis
Chalara ash dieback
Malaria
HIV
Dysentery
Cholera-water
Tuberculosis-airborne
Chalara ash dieback-airborne
Malaria-animal vectors
HIV-bodily fluids
Dysentery- vectors(flies)
During lytic cycle what happens in 4 steps
Virus injects genetic material into host cell
Viral genetic material makes more genetic material and protein coats
Genetic material and protein coats join together to make new viruses
Viruses ‘lyses’ out of cell and process repeats
During lysogenic cycle of a virus what happens instead
When genetic material inserted into host cell the genetic material binds with host dna
Host dna reproduces many time and all the reproduces cells have genetic material of viruses in them
How can sexually transmitted diseases be prevented
Protected sexual activity
Avoid sexual activity with multiple people
What are 2 examples of plant physical defences
Waxy cuticle and cell walls made from cellulose
Chemical defences include poisons to kill insects and pests and other chemicals that kill fungi
Many of drugs used in medicine nowadays are derived from plants
What are 3 ways to identify a plants disease
Remove possible environmental causes
Observation of plant
Plant testing
Distribution analysis of plants affected
Describe how these physical Barrie’s for humans protect the body
Mucus
Cilia
Skin
Mucus-sticky substance that sticks to pathogens before getting deeper into the body
Cilia-waft their hairs and move mucus containing pathogens up to throat to be swallowed
Skin-tough barrier that makes it hard for pathogens to penetrate into
How do lysozymes and hydrochloric acid work as physical barriers in human body to protect from disease
Hydrochloric acid is an acid with high acidity and kills most pathogen that are swallowed
Lysozymes are found in the eye that produce chemical that kills bacteria
What is the 4 step process how your immune system defends against disease
-Pathogens enter body
-Antigens trigger immune response which causes antibodies to be made
-When right antibody is made memory lymphocytes are made
-Memory lymphocytes quickly create same antibody next time same pathogen attacks
How would a vaccine work to help body defend against measles pathogens
Inject weak from of measles pathogens into body
Body creates immune response and memory lymphocytes for the antigen
Next time real measles attack body is ready
What are the pros and cons of immunisation
Pros;
Use herd immunity and vaccinate large amount of people to stop disease spreading
Cons;
immunisation doesn’t always make you immune to pathogen
Sometimes can have bad reaction to vaccine
Antibiotics can only be used to treat what types of infections
Bacterial infections
What are the 3 aseptic techniques used when testing bacteria and antibiotics
Use autoclave to prepare sterile growth conditions for bacteria
Using sterile inoculating loops on a flame to kill microorganisms when transferring bacteria
Put lid on the Petri dishes and culture vials
What equation is used to calculate area of circles when looking at cross sectional areas of bacterial cultures and agar jelly
((pie)r)squared
What is first step for producing new medicine of antibiotics
Discovery of the antibiotic
What happens in pre clinical testing of a drug
Drugs tested on human cells and tissues and then test on live animal to find best dosage
What happens in clinical testing
Tested on healthy volunteers
Tested on people suffering from illness to find optimum dosage
Then placebo test is done where 1 group of people get new drug and other group have a fake
What is the process for producing monoclonal antibodies
Use lymphocytes that produce desired antibody but can’t divide and fuse with tumor cell
Hybridoma cell is made
Hybridoma cells produce antibodies and divide
