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Biology > Topic 5 Health ,disease And The Development Of Medicines(Completed) > Flashcards

Topic 5 Health ,disease And The Development Of Medicines(Completed) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of health

A

State of complete physical,mental and social well being

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2
Q

What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diesease

A

Communicable:can be spread from person to person
Non communicable:cannot be spread from person to person

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogens

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists

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4
Q

When a person gets one disease this can cause them to be I’ll and affect their immune system which then makes them more susceptible to other diseases

A
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5
Q

What do the common infections cause
Cholera
Tuberculosis
Chalara ash dieback
Malaria
HIV
Dysentery

A

Cholera-diarrhoea
Tuberculosis-lung damage
Ash dieback-leaf loss and bark lesions
Malaria-damage to blood and liver
HIV-destroys white blood cells leading to aids
Dysentery-cough blood

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6
Q

How are these disease spread
Cholera
Tuberculosis
Chalara ash dieback
Malaria
HIV
Dysentery

A

Cholera-water
Tuberculosis-airborne
Chalara ash dieback-airborne
Malaria-animal vectors
HIV-bodily fluids
Dysentery- vectors(flies)

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7
Q

During lytic cycle what happens in 4 steps

A

Virus injects genetic material into host cell
Viral genetic material makes more genetic material and protein coats
Genetic material and protein coats join together to make new viruses
Viruses ‘lyses’ out of cell and process repeats

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8
Q

During lysogenic cycle of a virus what happens instead

A

When genetic material inserted into host cell the genetic material binds with host dna
Host dna reproduces many time and all the reproduces cells have genetic material of viruses in them

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9
Q

How can sexually transmitted diseases be prevented

A

Protected sexual activity
Avoid sexual activity with multiple people

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10
Q

What are 2 examples of plant physical defences

A

Waxy cuticle and cell walls made from cellulose
Chemical defences include poisons to kill insects and pests and other chemicals that kill fungi

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11
Q

Many of drugs used in medicine nowadays are derived from plants

A
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12
Q

What are 3 ways to identify a plants disease

A

Remove possible environmental causes
Observation of plant
Plant testing
Distribution analysis of plants affected

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13
Q

Describe how these physical Barrie’s for humans protect the body
Mucus
Cilia
Skin

A

Mucus-sticky substance that sticks to pathogens before getting deeper into the body
Cilia-waft their hairs and move mucus containing pathogens up to throat to be swallowed
Skin-tough barrier that makes it hard for pathogens to penetrate into

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14
Q

How do lysozymes and hydrochloric acid work as physical barriers in human body to protect from disease

A

Hydrochloric acid is an acid with high acidity and kills most pathogen that are swallowed
Lysozymes are found in the eye that produce chemical that kills bacteria

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15
Q

What is the 4 step process how your immune system defends against disease

A

-Pathogens enter body
-Antigens trigger immune response which causes antibodies to be made
-When right antibody is made memory lymphocytes are made
-Memory lymphocytes quickly create same antibody next time same pathogen attacks

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16
Q

How would a vaccine work to help body defend against measles pathogens

A

Inject weak from of measles pathogens into body
Body creates immune response and memory lymphocytes for the antigen
Next time real measles attack body is ready

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17
Q

What are the pros and cons of immunisation

A

Pros;
Use herd immunity and vaccinate large amount of people to stop disease spreading
Cons;
immunisation doesn’t always make you immune to pathogen
Sometimes can have bad reaction to vaccine

18
Q

Antibiotics can only be used to treat what types of infections

A

Bacterial infections

19
Q

What are the 3 aseptic techniques used when testing bacteria and antibiotics

A

Use autoclave to prepare sterile growth conditions for bacteria
Using sterile inoculating loops on a flame to kill microorganisms when transferring bacteria
Put lid on the Petri dishes and culture vials

20
Q

What equation is used to calculate area of circles when looking at cross sectional areas of bacterial cultures and agar jelly

A

((pie)r)squared

21
Q

What is first step for producing new medicine of antibiotics

A

Discovery of the antibiotic

22
Q

What happens in pre clinical testing of a drug

A

Drugs tested on human cells and tissues and then test on live animal to find best dosage

23
Q

What happens in clinical testing

A

Tested on healthy volunteers
Tested on people suffering from illness to find optimum dosage
Then placebo test is done where 1 group of people get new drug and other group have a fake

24
Q

What is the process for producing monoclonal antibodies

A

Use lymphocytes that produce desired antibody but can’t divide and fuse with tumor cell
Hybridoma cell is made
Hybridoma cells produce antibodies and divide

25
Q

Explain how a pregnancy test works

A

Wee on bit of stick supposed too
If pregnant the hormone HCG will bind to the antibodies on blue beads
Urine moves up stick carrying hormone and beads
Beads and hormone bind to antibodies on strip and strip turns blue

26
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used to find blood clots and cancer

A

Make monoclonal antibodies slightly radioactive
Inject into patient and antibodies will join to proteins found in blood clots and cancer cells
Take picture that has camera that picks up radiation and points that are bright are cancer/blood clots

27
Q

What is stuck to mono loan antibodies to help them kill cancer cells

A

Anti cancer drug so when monoclonal antibody joins to cancer the drug kills the cancer

28
Q

Why are using monoclonal antibodies better than other ways of killin cancer like radiotherapy and drugs

A

Radiotherapy and drugs can affect human cells

29
Q

What are some things that can cause non communicable diseases

A

Cardiovascular disease
Malnutrition (too much or less of a certain nutrient)
Drinking which causes liver cirrhosis over a long period of time

30
Q

How does alcohol cause liver cirrhosis

A

Alcohol broken down by enzymes in liver are toxic
Over long period of time can cause liver cirrhosis

31
Q

How does smoking cause cardiovascular disease

A

When you smoke fatty deposits build up in arteries
This means blood pressure is increased and blood flow is restricted
May cause blood clots which can cause strokes or heart attacks

32
Q

What is the equation for BMI

A

Mass/(height)squared

33
Q

Explain some lifestyle changes for cardiovascular diseases

A

Eating healthy balanced diet
Exercise regularly
Stop smoking

34
Q

What are some lifelong medication to help cardiovascular disease

A

Statins-reduce Amount of cholesterol that blocks arteries
Anticoagulants-make blood clots less likely to form
Antihypertensives-reduce blood pressure

35
Q

The molecules on pathogens which cause an immune response are called ?

A

Antigens

36
Q

Explain benefits of using monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer

A

Antibodies only affect cancer and not human cells
Radioactive source to find cancer cells
Fewer effects to human cells

37
Q

What type of cells produce antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

38
Q

What type of cell produces MONOCLONAL antibodies

A

Hybridoma cell

39
Q

A scientist is planning to test new diet
Selects 40 obese people to take part
All obese people are between ages 20-30
State two control factors when selecting people

A

Gender
Amount of exercise
Similar bmi

40
Q

A scientist is planning to test new diet
Selects 40 obese people to take part
All obese people are between ages 20-30
Devise test scientist could use to see effectiveness of new diet

A

Weigh the obese people
Half follow new diet half stick to same diet
After time period re weigh 40 people and see results

Biology (5 decks)

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