Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

edexcel biology > Topic 5 - health and diseases > Flashcards

Topic 5 - health and diseases Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

definition of health (WHO)

A
  • A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Difference between communicable an non- communicable diseases

A

communicable
- diseases than can be transferred between individuals
non- communicable
- diseases that can’t be transferred between individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do viruses infect plants or humans

A
  • move into cells and use the biochemistry to make copies of itself
  • leads to cell bursting and releasing all the copies into the bloodstream
  • damage and destruction of cells makes individual feel ill
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does bacteria work in the body (illness)

A

multiply quickly by dividing–process called binary fission

- produce toxins that can damage cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do protists work

A
  • use humans and animals as their hosts

- live on and inside, causing damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does fungi work

A
  • either single celled or have body made of thread-like
    structures
  • produce spores which can be spread to other organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does cholera work

A
  • waterborne and pathogen is bacteria

- symptom is diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does tuberculois work

A
  • airborne, infect if someone w/ TB coughs
  • pathogen is bacteria
  • symptom is lung damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does chalara ash dieback work

A
  • airborne and pathogen is a fungi

- symptom is leaf loss bark lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does malaria work

A
  • transmitted via animal vector and pathogen is a protist

- symptom is a damage to blood and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does HIV work

A
  • transmitted via bodily fluids and pathogen is a virus

- symptom is that it destroys WBC lymphocytes– leads to onset in AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does Ebola work

A
  • transmitted via. bodily fluids and pathogen is a virus

- symptom is fever accompanied w/ severe bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the lysogenic cycle

A
  • viral genetic material hides w/ genetic material of host cell– body will unknowingly create, as it copies and multiplies its cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the lytic cycle

A
  • viral genetic material separates and makes more copies of the viruses – break membrane of the cell to exit and infect more cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a STI

A
  • infection spread through sexual contact e.g. oral and vaginal sex.
  • carried in bodily fluids such as semen and vaginal fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does Chlamydia work

A
  • pathogen is bacteria
  • Often symptomless if symptoms they’re– painful urination or pelvic pain.
  • untreated can lead to infertility
17
Q

Describe HIV infecting a body

A
  • pathogen is a virus

- Increased susceptibility to other infections, severe illness and death if untreated

18
Q

list Physical plant barriers from disease

A
  • thick cellulose cell wall
  • thick waxy cuticle on the surface of the leaf, acts as a barrier to pathogens
  • cells and tissues inside.
  • Leaves close their stomata (pores) to stop pathogens entering the plant
19
Q

list Chemical plant barriers from disease

A
  • antimicrobial chemicals, proteins and enzymes
  • release compounds that attract insects which
    feed on pests
  • can extract antimicrobial compounds from plants for use in antibiotics.
20
Q

list physical human barriers from disease

A
  • Cilia wafts away mucus trapped pathogens, then
    killed by stomach acid
  • skin, protects against pathogens
  • mucus traps bacteria and other pathogens before reaching lungs
21
Q

list chemical human barriers from disease

A
  • Lysozymes, used by white blood cells to
    kill and digest bacteria
    -HCl acid, used to kill bacteria in food reaching the stomach
22
Q

Describe the human immune response

A
  • pathogen has antigen on their surface and body makes complementary antibody
  • antibodies begin to bind to the pathogen, so it’s easier for lymphocytes to find them and lymphocytes engulf and destroy pathogen
  • also create memory lymphocytes, so If you become infected again w/ the same pathogen, the complementary antibodies will be produced at a faster rate so they’re immune.
23
Q

Describe an antitoxin

A
  • They neutralise the toxins released by the pathogen by

binding to them

24
Q

How do vaccines work

A
  • vaccine contains dead or inactivated form of the pathogen
  • stimulates lymphocytes to produce antibodies complementary to the antigens on the pathogen, lymphocytes engulf pathogen and destroy it
  • antigens create memory lymphocytes so patient will be immune if infected by same pathogen
25
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of vaccinations

A

ADV
- They’ve eradicated many diseases and reduced the occurrence of many
DIS
- Bad reactions can occur in response to vaccines

26
Q

What is herd immunity

A
  • indirect form of protection from infectious disease when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection
  • provides protection for individuals who aren’t immune
27
Q

How to grow microorganisms on an agar gel plate

A
  • sterilised agar jelly is poured into a sterilised Petri dish, then left to cool and set
  • Sterilised wire loops called inoculating loops dipped in a solution of the microorganism and spread over the agar evenly
  • lid then taped on and plate is incubated for few days so microorganisms can grow (stored upside down)
28
Q

why should the petri dish lid be (not completely) closed?

A
  • sealing it stops airborne microorganisms from
    contaminating culture
  • but shouldn’t be sealed all the way around as
    harmful bacteria growing because no oxygen entering
29
Q

Why should the culture in the petri dish be incubated at 25 degrees

A
  • If incubated at a higher temp. near 37 degrees
    would be more likely that bacteria, that could be
    harmful to humans, would be able to grow as this
    is their optimum temperature
30
Q

How to grow the bacterial culture on a petri dish

A
  • Take Petri dish that has been pre-poured w/ agar gel, and sterilise it in an autoclave before
  • Use inoculating loop sterilised via. Bunsen Burner to apply the bacteria being tested to the agar.
  • Seal top of plate using tape, Incubate culture at 25 degrees for 3 days
  • Apply filter paper disc soaked in antibiotic solution to the centre of the agar plate and wait until there’s no further change

edexcel biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions