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All Topics GCSE Biology Triple > Topic 5 - Health And Disease > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Health And Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health ?

A

Health is a state of physical and mental well-being

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2
Q

What are major contributors to ill health ?

A

Disease
Stress
Diet
Life situation

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3
Q

What are the two categories of disease ?

A

Communicable diseases

Non-communicable diseases

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4
Q

What are Communicable diseases?

A

diseases which can be spread between organisms

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5
Q

What are non-communicable diseases ?

A

diseases which cannot be spread between organisms.

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6
Q

How can Physical problems impact an individuals mental health ?

A

Physical problems can negatively impact upon an individual’s mental health.

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7
Q

How are allergies triggered ?

A

Allergies (e.g. asthma and skin rashes) can be triggered by an immune reaction to a pathogen (a microorganism that can cause disease)

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8
Q

Viruses occupying cells can stimulate what ?

A

Viruses occupying cells can stimulate (bring about) cancers, for example, the HPV virus can lead to cervical cancer.

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9
Q

A disease that suppresses the immune system (e.g. HIV) makes individuals more susceptible (likely) to what ?

A

catching other infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis.

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10
Q

Why is HIV dangerous?

A

It can suppress the immune system and makes people more susceptible to catching other infectious diseases.

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11
Q

How are infections caused ?

A

Infections are caused whenever a foreign pathogen invades an organism (animal or plant)

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12
Q

What are the four main types of pathogen ?

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists

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13
Q

What are viruses ?

A

Viruses are tiny, non-living (do not contain cells) particles that can reproduce rapidly within the body.

They invade host cells and use them to make new virus particles.

Once the new viruses are made, they cause the cells to burst.

The cell damage makes us feel ill.

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14
Q

What are bacteria ?

A

Bacteria are small living cells that either damage cells directly or by producing toxins (poisons).

Bacteria can reproduce rapidly in the appropriate conditions: warm, moist areas with a good supply of oxygen.

The toxins released by bacteria can damage cells and tissues, making us feel ill.

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15
Q

What are fungi ?

A

Fungi are single-celled organisms that have a body made up of hyphae (thread-like structures).

The hyphae are able to grow and penetrate tissues, such as human skin or the surface of plants.

The hyphae produce spores that can spread to other plants and animals.

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16
Q

What are protists ?

A

Protists are single-celled eukaryotic organisms (they have a nucleus).

Many are parasites, meaning that they live on or inside other organisms.

They are often transferred to the host organism by a vector, such as an insect or mosquito.

They make us feel ill by damaging our tissues.

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17
Q

What are ways that diseases spread ?

A 
Vectors 
Body fluids
Air
Orally (by mouth)
Sex 
Water
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18
Q

How is malaria spread ?

A

Malaria is a protist that is spread by an animal vector; mosquitoes

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19
Q

How are Ebola and HIV both spread ?

A

through direct contact with someone else’s body fluids (such as blood).

HIV can also be passed on through pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding.

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20
Q

How does air spread pathogens ?

A

Some pathogens are released into the air inside droplets when an organism coughs or sneezes. These droplets can then be inhaled (breathed in) by other organisms.

Tuberculosis bacteria are spread in this way.

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21
Q

How is helicobacter spread ?

A

Helicobacter (which causes stomach ulcers) is spread through oral transmission (passing by mouth) of bacteria from vomit or faeces

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22
Q

What are Diseases that are spread through sexual contact called ?

A

Diseases that are spread through sexual contact (often simply genital to genital contact) are called sexually-transmitted infections (STIs).

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23
Q

What can stop the spread of STIs ?

A

Physical barriers (such as condoms) are very effective at stopping the spread of STIs.

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24
Q

What does chlamydia do ?

A

Chlamydia is a bacterial infection that causes infertility and often has no other symptoms, so easily spreads.

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25
Q

How can you prevent the spread of STIs ?

A

Testing and treatment with antibiotics prevent spread.

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26
Q

How is Cholera spread ?

A

Some pathogens contaminate water supplies. Pathogens can infect organisms that drink this contaminated water.

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27
Q

To survive and replicate, what do viruses invade ?

A

they invade host cells (animals or plant cells)

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28
Q

How do viruses replicate ?

A

The virus particle inserts its own DNA into the host cell’s DNA, which is then copied and used to make more viruses.

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29
Q

Once the new virus particles have been synthesised (made), what do they cause the cell to do ?

A

they cause the cell to burst.
This releases the new viruses to invade more cells.

This cell damage makes us feel ill.

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30
Q

How do viruses reproduce? How does this make us feel ill?

A

To survive and replicate, they invade host cells (animals or plant cells).

The virus particle inserts its own DNA into the host cell’s DNA, which is then copied and used to make more viruses.

Once the new virus particles have been synthesised (made), they cause the cell to burst, releasing the new viruses to invade more cells.

The cell damage makes us feel ill.

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31
Q

What are three diseases caused by viruses?

A

Ebola
HIV
Measles

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32
Q

What fever does Ebola virus cause ?

A

The Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic (affects blood vessels) fever.

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33
Q

How is Ebola spread ?

A

Ebola spreads through body fluid. This can be because of direct contact or though contaminated objects, such as bedding.

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34
Q

How is HIV spread ?

A

HIV is spread by sexual contact or the exchange of body fluids (e.g blood from sharing needles).

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35
Q

What happens to the body when you have HIV ?

A

At first, HIV causes a flu-like illness. But unless antiretroviral drugs are used successfully, the HIV virus enters the lymph nodes and attacks the body’s own immune cells.

HIV causes AIDS. AIDS is the name given to the life-threatening infections that can happen when a person’s immune system has been badly damaged by HIV.

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36
Q

What are the symptoms of measles ?

A

Symptoms include a fever and red skin rash.

37
Q

Why are most young children vaccinated against measles ?

A

Measles is a virus that can be fatal if complications arise.

38
Q

How is measles spread ?

A

The measles virus is spread by breathing in (inhaling) droplets from sneezes and coughs.

39
Q

How do HIV and AIDS differ?

A

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus).

It is the name given to the life-threatening infections that can occur when a person’s immune system has been badly damaged by HIV.

40
Q

What are the two lifecycles of a virus?

A

Lysogenic pathway

Lytic pathway

41
Q

What happens in the lysogenic pathway ?

A

The virus infects the host cell, but the viral genes stay dormant (inactive).

The cell makes lots of copies of itself by mitosis. All of these copies carry the virus genetic material.

42
Q

What happens in the lytic pathway ?

A

The virus infects the host cell, replicates and then splits the cell open (cell lysis).

This releases more virus pathogens into the environment around the host cell.

43
Q

How does the virally-infected cell make copies of itself?

A

Mitosis

44
Q

What type of drugs are used to treat HIV?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

45
Q

What are viruses ?

A

Viruses are tiny non-living (acellular) particles that can reproduce rapidly within the body.

46
Q

What are Bacteria ?

A

small living cells that either damage cells directly or by producing toxins (poisons).

47
Q

Where do bacteria reproduce best ?

A

They reproduce rapidly in warm, moist conditions that have a good supply of oxygen

48
Q

What are 3 examples of bacterial diseases ?

A

Stomach ulcers
Tuberculosis
Cholera

49
Q

What bacteria causes stomach ulcers ?

A

Helicobacter

50
Q

What are stomach ulcers ?

A

sores in the lining of the stomach (and can also occur in the small intestine). They can eventually lead to cancers.

51
Q

How are stomach ulcers spread ?

A

They are spread through eating or drinking something contaminated

52
Q

How is tuberculosis spread ?

A

spreads in water droplets in the air from the coughs of infected people.

53
Q

What damage does tuberculosis cause ?

A

serious damage to the lungs

54
Q

What causes cholera ?

A

A bacteria that is present in contaminated water

55
Q

What does the bacteria release when you have cholera and what can this cause ?

A

The bacteria releases toxins (poisons) that cause severe diarrhoea, which results in dehydration.

56
Q

What two bacteria are good for human health ?

A

Gut bacteria

Skin flora

57
Q

What are fungi organisms bodies made up of ?

A

hyphae (thread-like structures).

Fungi are unicellular (have one cell) or multicellular organisms that each have bodies made up of hyphae (thread-like structures).

58
Q

The hyphae can grow and penetrate tissues, like what ?

A

such as human skin or the surface of plants.

59
Q

What do hyphae produce ?

A

The hyphae produce spores that can spread to other plants and animals.

60
Q

What type of disease is Chalara ash dieback disease ?

A

a fungal disease.

61
Q

How is chalara ash dieback disease spread ?

A

The spores of this fungus can spread over long distances in the wind.

62
Q

What does chalara ash dieback disease cause ?

A

leaf loss and lesions (ulcers) on the bark of Ash trees and can kill the trees.

63
Q

What are protists ?

A

Protists are single-celled eukaryotic organisms (they have a nucleus).

64
Q

Lots of protists are parasites.

What does this mean ?

A

This means that they live on or inside other organisms.

They are often transferred to the host organism by a vector, such as an insect or mosquito.

65
Q

What’s an example of a disease caused by a protist ?

A

Malaria

66
Q

How is malaria spread ?

A

Malaria is spread by the female Anopheles mosquito (a vector).

If a mosquito is carrying malaria, then it transfers the infection into a person’s bloodstream when it bites them.

Malaria leads to recurring and severe fevers, which can cause death.

67
Q

How do fungi spread and infect plants and animals?

A

Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that each have bodies made up of hyphae (thread-like structures).

The hyphae are able to grow and penetrate tissues, such as human skin or the surface of plants.

The hyphae produce spores, which can spread to other plants and animals

68
Q

How can the spread of infections can be prevented ?

A

by being hygienic
by isolating infected individuals
by protecting against vectors
vaccination

69
Q

Does does vaccination prevent infections from spreading ?

A

Vaccination can make people immune to (resistant to) infection.

The more individuals that are vaccinated, the less likely the disease is to spread.

70
Q

How does good hygiene prevent the spreading of infections ?

A

By being hygienic, we can destroy pathogens or wash them away so that they are not spread.

Using antibacterial products to clean surfaces, washing our hands and sneezing into a handkerchief are all hygienic measures to prevent the spread of infection.

71
Q

How does protecting against vectors prevent infection from spreading ?

A

Some protist diseases are carried by vectors.
A vector is an organism that carries pathogens without being infected.
For example, we can protect against mosquitos carrying malaria using mosquito nets.

72
Q

How does isolation prevent the spread of infections ?

A

By isolating infected individuals, we prevent contact with other organisms. This stops the infection from spreading.

73
Q

How does identifying the infection prevent the spread of infections ?

A

A method such as DNA testing, which allows doctors to identify the antigen (specific markers on pathogen cells) can help them work out who is infected.

They may also be able to work this out by visually inspecting patients.

74
Q

How are vaccinations given and how do they give the recipient immunity?

A

A dead or inactive form of a pathogen is injected into the blood.

White blood cells recognise that the antigens are foreign and produce antibodies against them.

Some of the white blood cells remain in the blood as memory cells.

If the same pathogen invades the body again, the memory cells recognise the pathogen and can produce more antibodies more quickly.

The pathogen is destroyed by the immune system before it can cause illness.

75
Q

What do plants need for healthy growth?

A

many mineral ions (minerals)

76
Q

Where do plants extract most Montreal ions from ?

A

the soil

77
Q

What can happen to the plant if the soil quality is poor ?

A

plants can suffer from ion deficiency conditions (disorders)

78
Q

What are the ion deficiencies?

A

Nitrate deficiency

Magnesium deficiency

79
Q

What happens if plants are deficient of the nitrate ion ?

A

Nitrates are needed for the production and synthesis (creation) of proteins.

Without proteins, plants cannot grow.
This means that a nitrate deficiency causes stunted growth.

80
Q

What happens if plants are deficient of the magnesium ion ?

A

Magnesium is required for the production of chlorophyll.

This causes chlorosis:
The plant cannot photosynthesise well. This means that it cannot produce the glucose needed for healthy growth.

When magnesium is absent, plant leaves are yellow.

81
Q

What are three plant diseases ?

A

Fungal diseases
Pests (insects)
Viruses

82
Q

What problems do green flies and black flies cause for a plant ?

A

both aphids feed on the sap (a liquid in plants that stores sugars, salts and amino acids) in the phloem. This diverts sugars away from plants.

83
Q

What fungal diseases do plants suffer ?

A

rose black spot, or barley powdery mildew (which causes white spots on the plant; its spores are spread in the wind).

84
Q

What’s a common virus that infects plants ?

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) is a common pathogen that infects plants.

85
Q

What are the 3 types of defences that plants have that defend against infections and harm from other organisms ?

A

Chemical defences
Physical defences
Mechanical defences

86
Q

What mechanical defences do plants use to protect themselves ?

A

Thorns or hairs stop animals eating the plants.

Leaves that close up rapidly when touched decrease the surface area available to herbivores. They may also dislodge smaller herbivores already on the plant.

Some plants use mimicry (copying) to trick animals.
An example is a pattern on leaves that resembles the presence of insect eggs. Insects avoid laying their eggs on them to avoid competition.

87
Q

What physical defences do plants use to protect themselves?

A

Bark is made of dead cells. These cells act as a barrier of protection for the stem against pathogens and pests (like aphids).

Waxy cuticle is a barrier on the surface of leaves and stems to stop pathogens invading leaf tissue.

Cell walls, which are made of cellulose, are a physical barrier to stop pathogens from entering cells.

88
Q

What chemical defences do plants use to protect themselves ?

A

Some plants produce antibacterial chemicals, including mint, garlic and witch hazel. These chemicals work like antibiotics to prevent the growth of bacteria.

Many plants, such as foxglove and deadly nightshade, produce poisons to deter (put off) herbivores.

We can use some of these chemicals because they have medicinal properties.
For example, willow bark contains a compound that can be used to make a painkiller (aspirin).
A chemical in foxgloves is used to treat heart disease.

89
Q

What are the 7 signs of plant disease ?

A 
Presence of pests
Malformed stems or leaves
Stunted growth 
Spots on leaves 
Discolouration 
Areas of decay 
Growths

All Topics GCSE Biology Triple (9 decks)

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