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GCSE Chemistry Edexcel (core) > Topic 5 - Fuels > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crude oil?

A

crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons

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2
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

hydrocarbons are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon

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3
Q

what is the name of the method used to separate hydrocarbons/ crude oil?

A

fractional distillation

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4
Q

where does fractional distillation of crude oil take place?

A

in a fractionating column

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5
Q

as the hydrocarbons get larger (the greater number of carbon atoms in a molecule) they become…

A
  • more viscous
  • less flammable
  • less volatile
  • have a higher boiling point
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6
Q

what are refinery gases?

A

e.g. liquified petroleum gas, propane and butane for bottled gases

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7
Q

what is gasoline (petrol) used for?

A

fuel for cars

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8
Q

what is kerosene (paraffin) used for?

A

fuel for jet aircrafts

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9
Q

what is diesel oil (gas oil) used for?

A

fuel for cars and large vehicles

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10
Q

what is fuel oil used for?

A

generating electricity and in marine diesel engines

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11
Q

what is bitumen used for?

A

to make roads

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12
Q

is bitumen a long or short chain hydrocarbon?

A

long-chain hydrocarbon

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13
Q

is petrol a long or short chain hydrocarbon?

A

short-chain hydrocarbon

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14
Q

what is a fuel?

A

a fuel is a substance that releases useful amounts of energy when burned

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15
Q

when a fuel burns, it reacts with ________ in the air.

what is the missing word?

A

oxygen

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16
Q

what is complete combustion?

A

complete combustion is when a hydrocarbon burns with substantial amounts of oxygen, meaning carbon dioxide and water are produced, and energy is released.

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17
Q

what is incomplete combustion?

A

incomplete combustion is when a hydrocarbon burns with insufficient amounts of oxygen, meaning carbon monoxide and water are produced.

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18
Q

what is (extreme) incomplete combustion?

A

(extreme) incomplete combustion is when a hydrocarbon burns with very little oxygen, and therefore carbon, a solid, is produced as well as water.

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19
Q

what is carbon monoxide?

A

carbon monoxide is a toxic, colourless and odourless gas that combines irreversibly with the haemoglobin in red blood cells, reducing their oxygen-carrying ability, which eventually results in death by lack of oxygen

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20
Q

what are some of the problems associated with acid rain?

A
  1. damage to:
    - plants
    - animals
    - buildings
    - metals
  2. increase in acidity levels of lakes and rivers, which can be harmful to organisms living in them
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21
Q

what is global warming?

A

global warming is the gradual increase in temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere

22
Q 
why is the surface of the Earth warmer than it would be without the gases: 
-carbon dioxide
-methane
-water vapour
in the atmosphere?
A

because these gases in the atmosphere absorb heat and radiate it back down to Earth

23
Q

what is iron-seeding?

A

iron-seeding is a process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere:

  • iron dust is added to oceans
  • this enhances the growth of plankton, which takes in carbon dioxide
  • this therefore reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
24
Q

how can chemists convert carbon dioxide into a simple hydrocarbon?

A

by using a catalyst

25
Q

what is the name of substances that are becoming an attractive alternative to fossil fuels?

A

biofuels

26
Q

what are biofuels based on?

A

sustainable resources such as wood and alcohol from plants

27
Q

what is ethanol?

A

ethanol is an alcohol produced by the fermentation of sugar beet and sugar cane.

28
Q

what is ethanol used for?

A
  • as a fuel in its purest form

- added to petrol to reduce the need for petrol and to improve vehicle emissions

29
Q

what is a disadvantage to using ethanol?

A

large areas of fertile land are needed to grow the crops (sugar beet and sugar cane)

30
Q

what is a fuel cell?

A

a fuel cell is a way of producing and harnessing energy from a chemical reaction

31
Q

what is the cleanest of all the fuels, and why?

A

hydrogen, because it only produces water in a fuel cell

32
Q

what are the main factors of a good fuel?

A
  • safe to transport/ does not catch alight easily
  • easy to transport and store
  • good provider of heat energy
  • clean fuel that produces little or no toxic or polluting products
33
Q

how can the amount of energy released by the combustion of different fuels be compared?

A

by measuring the temperature rise of a fixed volume of water as it is heated by a known amount of a certain fuel

34
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using biogas like bio methane as an alternative to fossil fuels?

A 
Advantages - 
Renewable, sustainable
Easy to replace crops use to produce biogas quickly
Carbon neutral
Clean fuel with few pollutants released
Cheap

Disadvantages -
Less land to grow food for people who need it
Large storage space need to store the gas
Transport

35
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using bioethanol?

A

Advantages -
Less crude oil use
Carbon neutral
Clean fuel few pollutants released

Disadvantages -
Less land to grow food
Requires suitable climate
Distillation needed after produced

36
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells?

A

Advantages-
No pollutants
No recharging required
Very efficient, not a lot of energy wasted

Disadvantages -
Storage space needed
explosive gas
Energy needed to use electrolysis which requires energy
Expensive (electrolysis)
37
Q

How do you measure the energy content in fuels?

A

Colorimetric method

38
Q

Describe the experiment in which you can measure the energy content of fuels?

A 
Weigh fuel
Fixed volume of water in beaker
Set up draft shield
Light fuel and heat water by 10 degrees
Re-weigh fuel 
Calculate mass difference
Repeat with another fuel (replace water)
39
Q

What is cracking?

A

A thermal decomposition react that breaks down long chain alkanes into smaller, more useful alkanes and alkenes

40
Q

What does cracking require in order to break down a hydrocarbon?

A

Heat & a catalyst

41
Q

Examples of natural polymers?

A

Starch (formed from glucose) and protein (formed from amino acids)

42
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A monomer is a short-chain unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule.

43
Q

What are the properties of poly(ethene) and what are its uses?

A

Properties-
Good chemical resistance, light, flexible

Uses -
Food coverings, plastic bags, hose and water pipes

44
Q

What are the properties and uses of poly(propene)?

A

Properties-
Flexible, tough, good chemical resistance

Uses -
Ropes, chairs, stationary, crates

45
Q

What are the properties and uses of poly(chloroethene) PVC?

A

Properties -
Water-resistant, flexible or rigid

Uses -
Clothing, double-glazed window frames, electrical components, pipes

46
Q

what are the uses and properties of poly(tetraflouroethene) , PTFE?

A

Properties -
Water and flame resistant, flexible, durable, unreactive

Uses -
non-stick cookware coating, waterproof coatings

47
Q

Why are plastics/polymers hard to dispose of?

A
  • non-biodegradable so remain in landfill sites taking up space
  • burning them releases pollutants/toxic gases
  • only some plastics can be recycled
48
Q

What properties make a good fuel?

A

Ease of ignition
Energy produced
Waste gases pollutants given off
Storage and transport easy?

49
Q

What environmental effect does sulfur dioxide have?

A

Dissolves easily in water, contributing to acid rain which causes damage to lakes, rivers, houses, farms, buildings

49
Q

Why are people concerned with the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

A

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, meaning that it traps heat in the atmosphere and radiates it back down to earth.

GCSE Chemistry Edexcel (core) (5 decks)

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