Topic 2 - Materials and the Earth.

Question 1

what are the three different types of rock?

Answer 1

• igneous
• sedimentary
• metamorphic

Question 2

how is igneous rock formed?

Answer 2

igneous rock is formed when molten rock cools down to form crystals

Question 3

what is extrusive igneous rock?

Answer 3

EXtrusive igneous rock is formed when lava cools quickly on the EXterior of a volcano, forming small crystals, e.g. balsalt

Question 4

what is intrusive igneous rock?

Answer 4

INtrusive igneous rock is formed when magma cools in the INterior of a volcano very slowly, forming large crystals- e.g. granite

Question 5

how is sedimentary rock formed?

Answer 5

sedimentary rock ( e.g. chalk and limestone) is formed when layers of sediment are compacted together under pressure, which forces out the water and leaves behind the minerals that had been dissolved in the rock. These minerals act like a cement and hold the particles together, forming sedimentary rock

Question 6

why is sedimentary rock susceptible to erosion?

Answer 6

because it is porous

Question 7

how is metamorphic rock formed?

Answer 7

metamorphic rock forms as a result of rock being buried due to movements in the Earth’s crust.
the deeper the rock, the more heat and pressure is applied to it, forming metamorphic rocks

Question 8

if heat and pressure is applied to chalk or limestone (which are sedimentary rocks), what will they become?

Answer 8

marble

Question 9

what is the chemical formula of calcium carbonate?

Answer 9

CaCO3

Question 10

where can calcium carbonate be found?

Answer 10

it can be found in rocks that exist in the Earth’s crust as chalk, limestone and marble

Question 11

how can limestone be extracted from the ground?

Answer 11

quarrying

Question 12

what are the disadvantages of limestone quarrying?

Answer 12

• noise pollution
• air pollution
• visual pollution
• land pollution
• increase in air dust and dirt levels
• local businesses can suffer
• may be expensive
• native animal habitats may be destroyed

Question 13

what are the uses of limestone?

Answer 13

• for construction materials; glass, cement, concrete
• neutralisation of sulfur dioxide gas emitted from coal fired power stations
• neutralisation of acidic soils

Question 14

what is another name for calcium oxide (CaO)?

Answer 14

Lime

Question 15

how is glass made?

Answer 15

by heating limestone with sand and sodium carbonate

Question 16

how is cement made?

Answer 16

by heating powdered limestone and clay together in a rotary kiln

Question 17

how is concrete made?

Answer 17

by mixing cement, sand, crushed rock/gravel, and water together

Question 18

when calcium carbonate is heated strongly enough, it will break down and for, calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

what is the name of a reaction such as this?

Answer 18

a thermal decomposition reaction

Question 19

what is the product in this thermal decomposition reaction?

CaO + H2O ➝ ?
/Calcium oxide + Water ➝ ?
//Quicklime + Water ➝ ?

Answer 19

Ca(OH)2
Calcium hydroxide
Slaked lime

Question 20

is quicklime a solid, a liquid, a gas, or an aqueous solution?

Answer 20

a solid

Question 21

is slaked lime a solid, a liquid, a gas or an aqueous solution?

Answer 21

a solid

Question 22

is limewater a solid, a liquid, a gas or an aqueous solution?

Answer 22

an aqueous solution

Question 23

what is the test to show that carbon dioxide is present?

Answer 23

bubble the carbon dioxide through limewater will turn it milky/cloudy as calcium carbonate is precipitated

Question 24

what is the ‘conservation of mass’?

Answer 24

the conservation of mass means that the total masses at the start and the finish will have stayed the same

Question 25

what are atoms?

Answer 25

atoms are the basic particles from which all matter is made

Question 26

what are elements?

Answer 26

elements, made of atoms, are the purest form of a material