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Principles Of Biology > Topic 5: Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Topic 5: Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the relative size of the genomes compare in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic: smaller, compact
Eukaryotic: larger, have more noncoding DNA

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2
Q

How does the shape of chromosomes compare in prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic: circular Eukaryotic: linear and form X when replicated

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3
Q

How many chromosomes do prokaryotic cells have?

A

tend to have 1 plus some satellites (i.e. plasmids)

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

A

multiple and vary amongst organisms

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5
Q

How many replication starting points do prokaryotic cells have? How many do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Prokaryotic - 1 (due to small size)
Eukaryotic - multiple all along different parts of the genome that will fuse together

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6
Q

What groups of organisms have eukaryotes in them?

A

Plants, fungi, animals, protists

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7
Q

Describe the function of the plasma membrane

A

used to regulate the passage of hydrophilic molecules and separate intracellular contents from the environment

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8
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Proteins within the plasma membrane

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9
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins outside/next to the plasma membrane

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10
Q

What makes up a glycoprotien? glycolipid?

A

glycoprotein - protein + sugar
glycolipid - lipid + sugar

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11
Q

What are microvilli and where can they be found?

A

fingerlike projections found on membranes that specialize in absorption

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12
Q

Describe the cytoplasm

A

where contents of the cell between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope are found

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13
Q

The cell wall is primarily made of cellulose, which is a…

A

Carbohydrate

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14
Q

What is cellulose made of?

A

glucose monomers

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15
Q

What is found gram (+) bacteria that causes the purple stain to be visible?

A

Peptidoglycan in the cell wall

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16
Q

What is found in gram (-) bacteria that does not allow the purple stain to stick?

A

additional layer of lipid membranes

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17
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

framework that the cell puts itself around

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18
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A
  1. maintain the shape of the cell
  2. secures organelles in certain positions
  3. allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell
  4. enables unicellular organisms to move independently
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19
Q

What are characteristics of microtubules?

A
  1. dissolve and reform quickly
  2. guide organelle movement and pull chromosomes apart during cell division (spindle fibers)
  3. provide ways of transport and structure
20
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

tubulin

21
Q

What are characteristics of microfilaments?

A
  1. thinnest cytoskeletal fibers
  2. found along the cell membrane
  3. change the shape of the membrane
  4. common in muscle cells for muscle contraction
22
Q

What are characteristics of intermediate filaments?

A
  1. maintain the shape of the cell
  2. anchor organelles
  3. act as cellular connections to bind parts of the cell together to allow transportation
23
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

actin

24
Q

What are intermediate filaments made of?

A

Large proteins that are long and stringy

25
Q

What is the purpose of the 2 phospholipid bilayers in nuclear envelope?

A

has pores to control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA

26
Q

What does the nuclear envelope hold and what is it?

A

Chromatin - combo of DNA and protein

27
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins

28
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

synthesizes carbs, lipids, and steroid hormones while also performing the detoxification of medications and poisons, metabolizing alcohol, and storing calcium

29
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

Cellular respiration - breakdown of glucose to produce ATP

30
Q

Define the parts of the mitochondrion

A
  1. Inner membrane folds - cristae
  2. Area surrounding the folds - mitochondrial matrix
31
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

reactions that produce most of atp in plant cells

32
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

location of protein synthesis in ribosomes and the modification of those proteins

33
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

contain catalytic enzymes that breakdown proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn-out organelles

34
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

break down of fatty acids

35
Q

What is the functions of vesicles and vacuoles?

A

membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport

36
Q

What is the difference between a free floating ribosome and a bound ribosome?

A

free ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm
bound ribosomes are attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

37
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

Ribosomes

38
Q

How do bind ribosomes make proteins?

A

Send to the rough ER to be synthesized, then the smooth er, then in transport vesicle to different part of the cell, then to the plasma membrane

39
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

moving things bigger than a single molecule across a membrane through a vesicle

40
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

vesicles made by the cell are released via enzyme secretion or endocrine glands

41
Q

The inside of the mitochondrial matrix is ___.

A

acidic

42
Q

What are the three parts of the inner membrane within a chloroplast?

A
  1. thylakoid membrane
  2. light reactions
  3. stroma
43
Q

How many layers of membranes are found in a chloroplast? Mitochondria?

A

3; 2

44
Q

There are proteins within the cell that trigger ____.

A

apoptosis

45
Q

Define apoptosis

A

cell death

46
Q

When does apoptosis happen?

A

when the mitochondria bursts open and releases the proteins into the res of the cell

47
Q

Intracellular membrane-bound organelles are advantageous for eukaryotic cells because…

A

it allows the organelles to perform contradicting reactions without effecting the others

Principles Of Biology (6 decks)

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