Topic 5: Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
How does the relative size of the genomes compare in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic: smaller, compact
Eukaryotic: larger, have more noncoding DNA
How does the shape of chromosomes compare in prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic: circular Eukaryotic: linear and form X when replicated
How many chromosomes do prokaryotic cells have?
tend to have 1 plus some satellites (i.e. plasmids)
How many chromosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?
multiple and vary amongst organisms
How many replication starting points do prokaryotic cells have? How many do eukaryotic cells have?
Prokaryotic - 1 (due to small size)
Eukaryotic - multiple all along different parts of the genome that will fuse together
What groups of organisms have eukaryotes in them?
Plants, fungi, animals, protists
Describe the function of the plasma membrane
used to regulate the passage of hydrophilic molecules and separate intracellular contents from the environment
What are integral proteins?
Proteins within the plasma membrane
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins outside/next to the plasma membrane
What makes up a glycoprotien? glycolipid?
glycoprotein - protein + sugar
glycolipid - lipid + sugar
What are microvilli and where can they be found?
fingerlike projections found on membranes that specialize in absorption
Describe the cytoplasm
where contents of the cell between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope are found
The cell wall is primarily made of cellulose, which is a…
Carbohydrate
What is cellulose made of?
glucose monomers
What is found gram (+) bacteria that causes the purple stain to be visible?
Peptidoglycan in the cell wall
What is found in gram (-) bacteria that does not allow the purple stain to stick?
additional layer of lipid membranes
What is the cytoskeleton?
framework that the cell puts itself around
What does the cytoskeleton do?
- maintain the shape of the cell
- secures organelles in certain positions
- allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell
- enables unicellular organisms to move independently
What are characteristics of microtubules?
- dissolve and reform quickly
- guide organelle movement and pull chromosomes apart during cell division (spindle fibers)
- provide ways of transport and structure
What are microtubules made of?
tubulin
What are characteristics of microfilaments?
- thinnest cytoskeletal fibers
- found along the cell membrane
- change the shape of the membrane
- common in muscle cells for muscle contraction
What are characteristics of intermediate filaments?
- maintain the shape of the cell
- anchor organelles
- act as cellular connections to bind parts of the cell together to allow transportation
What are microfilaments made of?
actin
What are intermediate filaments made of?
Large proteins that are long and stringy
What is the purpose of the 2 phospholipid bilayers in nuclear envelope?
has pores to control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA
What does the nuclear envelope hold and what is it?
Chromatin - combo of DNA and protein
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins
What is the function of the smooth ER?
synthesizes carbs, lipids, and steroid hormones while also performing the detoxification of medications and poisons, metabolizing alcohol, and storing calcium
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
Cellular respiration - breakdown of glucose to produce ATP
Define the parts of the mitochondrion
- Inner membrane folds - cristae
- Area surrounding the folds - mitochondrial matrix
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
reactions that produce most of atp in plant cells
What is the function of the rough ER?
location of protein synthesis in ribosomes and the modification of those proteins
What is the function of lysosomes?
contain catalytic enzymes that breakdown proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn-out organelles
What is the function of peroxisomes?
break down of fatty acids
What is the functions of vesicles and vacuoles?
membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport
What is the difference between a free floating ribosome and a bound ribosome?
free ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm
bound ribosomes are attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
Where are proteins made?
Ribosomes
How do bind ribosomes make proteins?
Send to the rough ER to be synthesized, then the smooth er, then in transport vesicle to different part of the cell, then to the plasma membrane
What is endocytosis?
moving things bigger than a single molecule across a membrane through a vesicle
What is exocytosis?
vesicles made by the cell are released via enzyme secretion or endocrine glands
The inside of the mitochondrial matrix is ___.
acidic
What are the three parts of the inner membrane within a chloroplast?
- thylakoid membrane
- light reactions
- stroma
How many layers of membranes are found in a chloroplast? Mitochondria?
3; 2
There are proteins within the cell that trigger ____.
apoptosis
Define apoptosis
cell death
When does apoptosis happen?
when the mitochondria bursts open and releases the proteins into the res of the cell
Intracellular membrane-bound organelles are advantageous for eukaryotic cells because…
it allows the organelles to perform contradicting reactions without effecting the others
