Topic 2: Metabolisms and Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cell metabolism

A

Cells acquire energy by breaking down biological macromolecules in catabolic reactions

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2
Q

Define catabolic reaction

A

energy releasing; break down molecules

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3
Q

What happens to energy in catabolic reactions?

A

Energy is lost as heat and not available to do work; the rest of the energy is harvested by the cell and transferred to other processes in the cell that need it

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4
Q

Define anabolic metabolism

A

smaller products put together to build larger, more complex products that have higher energy

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5
Q

____ moves energy from catabolism to anabolism and becomes ADP and vice versa

A

ATP

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6
Q

Plants using photsynthesis use anabolic reactions to produce glucose from absorbing photons. The ______ _____ is transferred to ____ which is used to do work.

A

light absorbed; ATP

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7
Q

Which is a catabolic reaction? Why?
a. transcription
b. translation
c. DNA replication
d. Hydrolysis

A

Hydrolysis - reaction breaks down polymers into smaller monomers

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8
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

a molecule that catalyzes biochemical reactions

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9
Q

How does a catalyst work?

A

Increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed in the reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction

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10
Q

Enzymes bind to the ____ molecules and hold them in such a way to make chemical bond-breaking and forming processes take place more _____.

A

reactant; easily

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11
Q

True or False: Because enzymes do not change and are not used by the reaction, they can be reused as many times as possible so long as the enzyme remains active.

A

True

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12
Q

True or False: Enzymes change the free energy of the reaction.

A

False

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13
Q

Endothermic reactions have what kind of metabolism?

A

Anabolic

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14
Q

Exothermic reactions have what kind of metabolism?

A

Catabolic

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15
Q

Define Active Site

A

the location within the enzyme where the substrate binds

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16
Q

Define the functional domains of the active site

A

Binding Site - where the substrate is loosely held in place by the enzyme
Catalytic Site - where the enzyme is able to influence the bond stability of the substrate

17
Q

Increasing the environmental temperature increases the rate of the reaction to a certain point. When the temperature goes beyond the optimal range, what is likely to occur?

A

Denaturation

18
Q

What is the induced-fit model?

A

When the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes a mild shift in the enzymes structure that forms an ideal binding arrangement between enzyme and substrate.

19
Q

What is significant about the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

Lowers the activation energy and promotes rapid progression

20
Q

How does the enzyme-substrate complex effect anabolic reactions?

A

the enzymes promote chemical reactions that involve more than one substrate by bringing the substrates together in an optimal orientation for a reaction which increases the speed because the substrates are held at angles that are more likely to cause a reaction

21
Q

Because the enzyme is not used in a reaction, the concentration of enzymes are very _____.

A

small

22
Q

Define competitive inhibitor

A

something that binds to the active site and blocks the regular substrate from getting to the active site

23
Q

How can competitive inhibitors bind to the active site?

A

They are very similar to the actual enzyme

24
Q

Define noncompetitive inhibition

A

An inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site (allosteric site) but still manages to block the substrate from binding to the active site

25
Q

Define allosteric site

A

A regulatory site that can turn on or off the enzyme

26
Q

Define allosteric inhibition

A

Inhibitor molecules bind to enzymes in a location where their binding induces a conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzymes for its substrate

27
Q

Define feedback inhibition

A

Involves the use of a reaction product to regulate its own further production

28
Q

What happens when there is a high concentration of the end product? Why?

A

The end product will go back and inhibit the first enzyme and shut down the pathway