Topic 5: Development Flashcards
What’s development?
Development is a process of change that raises standards of living and quality of life as the country improves.
When does development occur?
Development occurs in low-income countries when…
- Investment in agriculture improves local food supply, improving the health of people
- Electricity grid extends to rural areas
- New roads improve accessibility of remote regions
- Literacy levels/gender equality improves
What are the main factors that contribute to development?
Economic
Social
Technological
Cultural
What is food security?
When all people in a country all the time have access to safe, nutritious food
What is water security?
The ability of a population to have access to a sustainable and adequate amount of safe water
In what ways is development measured?
GDP per capita
Human development index
Gini index
Corruption perception index
What is GDP?
Gross domestic product - total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
How do you calculate GDP per capita?
GDP/Population
What does HDI measure?
- Gross national income per capita
- Life expectancy at birth
- Expected years of schooling
- 0 to 1 (1 is most developed)
How do you measure inequality?
Gini index measures how income is distributed in a country from 0-1 (rich poor gap)
How do you measure political corruption?
Corruption perception index - measures level of political corruption from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’
What are 3 factors which contribute to variations in the level of development globally?
Economic
Physical
Historical
How does the physical environment impact the distribution of development?
Physical - Landlocked countries develop slower that coastal nations because they have less access to trade routes, countries with frequent natural hazards need money to pay for repairs
How does history impact the distribution of development?
Historical - European powers such as France and UK expanded their territories around the world imposing unequal trading relationships on the colonies which were exploited for their raw materials
How does the economy impact the distribution of development?
Economic - Poverty slows down improvements of living standards
Where does the standard of living tend to be the lowest in the UK?
Remote areas that are physically challenging such as Scottish highlands - Employment opportunities are limited with low wages, many jobs are seasonal
How did de-industrialisation in the UK create a North-South divide?
- In the UK, the main industrial areas were located in the north
- So, when the UK de-industrialised, levels of unemployment rose in the North and average income declined
- Modern industries then located in London and the south-east
What impact does uneven development have on access to housing?
- People on low incomes have very limited access to adequate housing
- Over 30% of the world’s urban population lived in slums e.g. Mexico city
- Urbanisation of poverty moved global poverty from rural to urban areas
What impact does uneven development have on health?
- Lack of clean water and sanitation lowers life expectancy
- 6.6 million children under the age of 5 die each year
What impact does uneven development have on employment?
- Limited employment opportunities in developing countries, most people work in the informal sector
- These jobs lack security and benefits
What impact does uneven development have on education?
- Developing countries tend to have larger families because child mortality is high, this means it may not be possible to pay to educate all of the children
- 775 million people in poor countries cannot read or write
What impact does uneven development have on technology?
- Many developing countries struggle to invest in technology
Why is appropriate technology better for developing countries than more advanced technology?
- Low energy consumption and cost
- Easy to operate to be maintained by the community
What impact does uneven development have on food and water security?
- Developing countries lack the ability to import food or invest in rural development
- Serious conflicts between neighbouring countries threatened that share a drainage basin
