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Geography > Topic 5: Development > Flashcards

Topic 5: Development Flashcards

1
Q

What’s development?

A

Development is a process of change that raises standards of living and quality of life as the country improves.

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2
Q

When does development occur?

A

Development occurs in low-income countries when…
- Investment in agriculture improves local food supply, improving the health of people
- Electricity grid extends to rural areas
- New roads improve accessibility of remote regions
- Literacy levels/gender equality improves

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3
Q

What are the main factors that contribute to development?

A

Economic
Social
Technological
Cultural

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4
Q

What is food security?

A

When all people in a country all the time have access to safe, nutritious food

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5
Q

What is water security?

A

The ability of a population to have access to a sustainable and adequate amount of safe water

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6
Q

In what ways is development measured?

A

GDP per capita
Human development index
Gini index
Corruption perception index

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7
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross domestic product - total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

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8
Q

How do you calculate GDP per capita?

A

GDP/Population

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9
Q

What does HDI measure?

A
  • Gross national income per capita
  • Life expectancy at birth
  • Expected years of schooling
  • 0 to 1 (1 is most developed)
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10
Q

How do you measure inequality?

A

Gini index measures how income is distributed in a country from 0-1 (rich poor gap)

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11
Q

How do you measure political corruption?

A

Corruption perception index - measures level of political corruption from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’

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12
Q

What are 3 factors which contribute to variations in the level of development globally?

A

Economic
Physical
Historical

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13
Q

How does the physical environment impact the distribution of development?

A

Physical - Landlocked countries develop slower that coastal nations because they have less access to trade routes, countries with frequent natural hazards need money to pay for repairs

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14
Q

How does history impact the distribution of development?

A

Historical - European powers such as France and UK expanded their territories around the world imposing unequal trading relationships on the colonies which were exploited for their raw materials

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15
Q

How does the economy impact the distribution of development?

A

Economic - Poverty slows down improvements of living standards

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16
Q

Where does the standard of living tend to be the lowest in the UK?

A

Remote areas that are physically challenging such as Scottish highlands - Employment opportunities are limited with low wages, many jobs are seasonal

17
Q

How did de-industrialisation in the UK create a North-South divide?

A
  • In the UK, the main industrial areas were located in the north
  • So, when the UK de-industrialised, levels of unemployment rose in the North and average income declined
  • Modern industries then located in London and the south-east
18
Q

What impact does uneven development have on access to housing?

A
  • People on low incomes have very limited access to adequate housing
  • Over 30% of the world’s urban population lived in slums e.g. Mexico city
  • Urbanisation of poverty moved global poverty from rural to urban areas
19
Q

What impact does uneven development have on health?

A
  • Lack of clean water and sanitation lowers life expectancy
  • 6.6 million children under the age of 5 die each year
20
Q

What impact does uneven development have on employment?

A
  • Limited employment opportunities in developing countries, most people work in the informal sector
  • These jobs lack security and benefits
21
Q

What impact does uneven development have on education?

A
  • Developing countries tend to have larger families because child mortality is high, this means it may not be possible to pay to educate all of the children
  • 775 million people in poor countries cannot read or write
22
Q

What impact does uneven development have on technology?

A
  • Many developing countries struggle to invest in technology
23
Q

Why is appropriate technology better for developing countries than more advanced technology?

A
  • Low energy consumption and cost
  • Easy to operate to be maintained by the community
24
Q

What impact does uneven development have on food and water security?

A
  • Developing countries lack the ability to import food or invest in rural development
  • Serious conflicts between neighbouring countries threatened that share a drainage basin
25
Q

What’s the difference between official governmental aid and voluntary aid?

A

Voluntary aid is organised by NGOs/charities such as Oxfam

26
Q

Why do most developing countries accept foreign aid?

A

Foreign exchange gap - countries lack money to pay for imports e.g. machinery and oil which are vital to development
- pressure to invest in infrastructure
- shortage of skills needed for development

27
Q

How is debt relief being solved? - and how does it increase development?

A

HIPC initiative established in 1996 reduces/cancels debts
Country is now able to focus spending on development over paying off debt

28
Q

What are remittances, and how do they help reduce global inequality?

A

International migrants send money back to their families in their country of origin

29
Q

What are the pros of Top-down development

A

Governments and TNC’s plan large-scale project to increase development
- TNC’s generate huge revenue for for the global economy
- Manufacturing industries located from developed to developing countries
- Lower labour rates to reduce costs

30
Q

What are the cons of top-down development?

A
  • The poorest people can be disadvantaged e.g. reservoir project could involve flooding people’s land without adequate compensation (Mun River Basin in Thailand)
  • exploitation of cheap labour, poor working conditions
31
Q

What are the pros of bottom-up development?

A

NGO’s direct aid towards sustainable development and communities
- selective nature targets poorest communities and involves the local people in decision making
- e.g. the NGO Water Aid in Ethiopia and Kenya

Geography (5 decks)

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