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Chemistry GCSE > Topic 5: Crude Oil, Fuels and Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 5: Crude Oil, Fuels and Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The chemistry of carbon-bases compounds.

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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons formed from the remains of marine organisms over millions of years.

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3
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon.

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4
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

A way of separating out different ‘fractions’ of the crude oil.

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5
Q

What is a fraction?

A

A component of crude oil, with its own particular molecular composition, weight and boiling point.

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6
Q

What are the 4 steps of fractional distillation? (summarised)

A
  1. Oil heated, gaseous mixture created.
  2. Put into fractional distillation column = very high temperatures.
  3. Extraction and condensing of gases/liquids.
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7
Q

What are the 4 properties of hydrocarbons at the top of the column?

A

Small molecules
Low B.P
Ignite easily
Less dense

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8
Q

What are the properties of hydrocarbons at the bottom of the column?

A

Large molecules
High B.P
Do not ignite easily
Viscous

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9
Q

What are 2 economic and political factors of crude oil?

A

Price of crude oil controlled by oil companies, which influences the economy
War in an oil-producing country restricts crude oil supplies (like Russia right now)

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10
Q

What are 4 social and environmental factors of crude oil?

A

Poorer countries deprived of oil - electricity and heat
Lots of jobs provided
Lots of CO₂ produced
oil spillages may kill habitats

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11
Q

What is cracking?

A

The breaking down of covalent bonds in large chain hydrocarbons to produce shorter chains.

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12
Q

What are 2 reasons why is cracking used?

A

Smaller chains have better properties as they are better fuels.
They can also produce monomers for plastic.

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13
Q

What are the conditions of cracking?

A

600-700°C

Catalyst - silica/aluminia

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14
Q

What is a fuel?

A

A combustable substance that reaction with oxygen (in the air) to release useful energy (exothermic).

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15
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

(eg) CH₄ + 2O₂ -> CO₂ + H₂O

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16
Q

What happens in incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon monoxide is produced as well.

It is poisonous and produces acid rain so we don’t want this.

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17
Q

What is the equation for measuring the energy released by fuel?

A

Energy transferred (J) = mass of water heated (g) x 4.2 x temperature rise (°C)

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18
Q

What is the benefit of hydrogen fuel?

A

Only produces water when burned:

2H₂ + O₂ -> 2H₂O

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19
Q

What are 3 disadvantages to hydrogen fuel?

A

Must be reacted with coal/neutral gas = not carbon neutral
Hydrogen = flammable
Must be stored in chilled + compressed conditions

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20
Q

What is the fire triangle?

A

The factors required to make fire: oxygen, heat, fuel.

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21
Q

How is oxygen removed from a fire?

A

Smothering the fire/ replacing O with CO₂

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22
Q

How is heat removed from a fire?

A

Water - not on oil/electric fires though

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23
Q

How is fuel removed from a fire?

A

Getting rid of it (like cutting down trees in a forest fire).
Or have material coated in non-flammable materials (like certain types of chemicals in clothes).

24
Q

What is the 4 step method to calorimetry?

A
  1. Cold water measured into copper calorimeter (small metal can)
  2. Starting temperature of water recorded
  3. Water heated using Bunsen burner
  4. Final temperature of water recorded.
25
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon - only single bonds.

26
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ +₂

27
Q

What are the first 5 first names for hydrocarbons?

A 
Meth - 1
Eth - 2
Prop - 3
But - 4
Pent - 5
28
Q

What is an alkene?

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon - contain a double bond.

29
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

30
Q

How do you name complex alkanes and alkenes?

A
  1. How many carbons in longest chain (meth, eth , prop)
  2. If/where double bond is (but-1-ene, but-2-ene)
  3. Number of carbon atoms in branch/branches (methyl, ethyl)
  4. More than one branch = use prefixes (di=2 tri=3)
  5. Position of branch (which carbon it is extending from)
31
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

Bromide water = orange solution

Becomes colourless when shaken if alkene is present.

32
Q

What are addition reactions?

A

A reaction in which the presence of a carbon double bond can allow other atoms to be added to the molecule.

33
Q

What is isomerism?

A

Two or compounds can have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae, because the atoms are arranged differently.

34
Q

What is a thermoplastic?

A

A plastic which soften when heated.

35
Q

What is a thermoset?

A

A plastic resistant to heat and do not soften.

36
Q

What are 3 examples of polymers?

A

Polythene, polypropene, polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE).

37
Q

What is a plastic?

A

Any synthetic/semi-synthetic organic polymer.

38
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small molecules (like ethene) that are very reactive, containing a double bond.

39
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long chain of monomers joined together.

40
Q

What are addition polymers?

A

Polymers made from 1 type of monomer.

41
Q

What are condensation polymers?

A

Polymers made from 2 or more different types of monomers.

42
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

The double bond of a monomer opens up and the units repeat themselves (and join together).

43
Q

What is the environmental problems of plastics?

A

Non-biodegradable.

44
Q

What are the advantages of plastics being reused?

A

Less plastic goes to landfill
Less oil used for plastic production (crude oil = finite)
Less energy consumed

45
Q

What is an alcohol?

A

A homologous series of organic compounds (similar properties to alkanes and alkenes).

46
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

C₂H₂ₙ ₊ ₁OH

47
Q

What are some examples of alcohol abuse?

A

Cause of 10% of disease + death in UK
3rd most dangerous lifestyle factor
Alcohol misuse = cost £21 billion in healthcare, crime and lost productivity.

48
Q

What is a benefit of alcohol?

A

It can be used in other industries other than the drinking industry too (especially ethanol).

49
Q

What is fermentation and its equation?

A

The creation of ethanol from plant material.
C₆H₁₂O₆ -yeast+> 2C₂H₅OH + CO₂
glucose -yeast> ethanol + carbon dioxide

50
Q

What are the conditions for fermentation?

A

Temperature - 25-50°C
Anaerobic
Sterile

51
Q

What are biofuels?

A

Renewable fuels produced by natural products like plants containing carbohydrates.

52
Q

What are 3 advantages of bioethanol?

A

Renewable
Less CO₂ produced than petrol
Less soot + CO

53
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of bioethanol?

A

Less efficient
Modification of vehicles must be done
Lots of farmland needed
Process uses fossil fuels - not completely carbon neutral

54
Q

How is vinegar made?

A

Ethanol forms ethanoic acid (found in vinegar) by oxidation.

C₂H₅0H -oxidation> CH₃COOH

55
Q

What is the test for alcohols?

A

Solution: potassium dichromate + sulfuric acid
Add alcohol, gently heat

Solution=orange
Green colour change=alcohol present

Chemistry GCSE (7 decks)

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