Topic 3: Metals and Their Extraction Flashcards
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What is an ore?
A substance found in the Earth’s crust containing metal atoms combined with other elements.
How can metals be extracted from their ores?
By chemical reactions or electrolysis.
What makes it more difficult to extract a metal from its ore?
The more reactive a metal, the harder it is to extract it from their ore.
What is the order of the reactivity series?
Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium (Carbon) Zinc Iron Tin Lead (Hydrogen) Copper Silver Gold
What can a more reactive element do to a less reactive element?
Displace it from a solution of one of its salts.
What is a displacement reaction?
Where a metal displaces a metal (lower in reactivity) from a solution of one of its salts.
Show magnesium displacing copper from a copper sulfate solution in a formula.
magnesium +copper sulfate ⮕ copper + magnesium sulfate
Mg + CuSO₄ ⮕ Cu + MgSO₄
Show the aluminium and iron oxide reaction in a formula.
aluminium + iron (III) oxide ⮕ aluminium oxide + iron
Al + Fe₂O₃ ⮕ Al₂O₃ + Fe
What is reduction?
The removal of oxygen atoms from a chemical or the gain of electrons.
What does OiLRiG stand for?
Oxidation is Loss Reduction is Gain
What is oxidation?
Addition of oxygen atoms to a chemical or the loss of electrons.
What metals need to use electrolysis to extract them from their ores?
Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium
What are the two rules when balancing equations?
- The little numbers can’t be changed (can only add big numbers)
- Keep to whole numbers
When does electrolysis only work?
When the ions can move.
What has to happen so that the ions can move with ores (bauxite)?
It must become molten to be considered an electrolyte.
What is the negative electrode?
Cathode.
What is the positive electrode?
Anode.
What are electrodes made out of?
Mostly metal, sometimes graphite.
What are insoluble?
Most metal oxides.
What is something that is an aqueous?
Something that has been dissolved in water.
An aqueous solution
What is the positive ion?
The metal.
In electrolysis of an aqueous solution, what will form at the cathode?
A metal that is less reactive than hydrogen or hydrogen.
In electrolysis of an aqueous solution, what will form at the anode?
If the negative ion is a halogen, that will form, if not, oxygen will.
What 4 raw materials are needed for extraction of iron?
Iron ore
Coke
Limestone
Hot air
What is coke and what is it used as?
Coke is carbon and is used as a fuel and produces carbon monoxide for the reduction.
What is iron ore used for in the extracting of iron?
It’s the source of iron.
What is limestone used for in extracting iron
Removing impurities.
What is hot air used for in extracting iron?
Provides oxygen so coke can burn.
What is the equation for coke burning in oxygen to make carbon dioxide?
C + O₂
What is the equation for coke burning in oxygen to make carbon dioxide?
C + O₂ ⮕ CO₂
What is the equation for carbon reacting with carbon dioxide making carbon monoxide?
C + CO2 ⮕ 2CO
What is the equation for Iron (III) oxide being reduced by carbon monoxide to make iron and carbon dioxide?
Fe2O3 + 3CO ⮕ 2Fe + 3CO2
What is the equation for Limestone decomposing to make calcium oxide?
CaCO3 ⮕ CaO + CO2
What is the equation for Calcium oxide neutralising silicon dioxide impurities?
CaO + SiO2 ⮕ CaSiO3
What are 5 sustainability issues with the extraction of metals from their ores?
Siting for the plant Fuel + energy costs Greenhouse gas emissions Impact of recycling Effects of the extraction of the ores on environment + on the local population
What are transition metals?
The metallic elements found in the centre of the periodic table.
What are physical properties of transition metals?
Malleable
High melting points (apart from mercury)
Good conductors of electricity and heat
What are chemical properties of transition metals?
Form ions with different charges (eg copper can become Cu⁺ ions -lose one electron - or Cu²⁺ ions -lose two electrons)
Less chemically reactive than the alkali metals such as sodium and potassium
Form coloured chemical compounds
What is the colour that Cu²⁺ makes when added to dilute sodium hydroxide solution?
Blue.
What is the colour that Fe²⁺ makes when added to dilute sodium hydroxide solution?
Green.
What is the colour that Fe³⁺ makes when added to dilute sodium hydroxide solution?
Brown.
What are the properties of aluminium?
Good conductor of heat and electricity
Strong
Low density
Resistant to corrosion
What are the properties of copper?
Very good conductor of heat and electricity
Malleable
Ductile
Lustrous
What are the properties of Titanium?
Hard Strong Low density High melting point Resistant to corrosion
What is an alloy?
Mixtures of two or more different metals (or carbon) made by combining the molten metals.
What are the properties of iron?
Hard
Strong
What are 2 uses of Iron?
Building frameworks
Kitchen equipment
What are 2 uses of aluminium?
Aluminium foil
Drinks cans
What are 2 uses of copper?
Saucepan bases
Jewellery
What are 2 uses of titanium?
Jet engine
Car parts
What is stainless steal made out of?
Iron
Carbon
Chromium
