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China - History GCSE > Topic 5. China after Mao > Flashcards

Topic 5. China after Mao Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were possible Mao successors before 1970?

A

Lin Biao and PLA
Chou Enlai and government
Jiang Qing an Gang of Four

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2
Q

Why did Lin Biao die?

A

Plan to overthrow Mao apparently was released (Project 571)

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3
Q

When and how did Lin Biao die?

A

1971 in plane crash

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4
Q

Reasons for rise of Gang of Four

A

Jian Qing grew during Cultural Revolution
Death of Zhou Enlai - led to riots as wreaths had been removed, Gof4 blamed it on Deng.

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5
Q

Who did Mao choose as his successor?

A

Hua Gupfeng

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6
Q

How were Gang of Four arrested?

A

Hua invited them to urgent meeting about Mao’s memorial arrangements. When they arrived they were arrested.

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7
Q

Who became leader of China in 1978

A

Deng Xiaoping

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8
Q

When were Gof4 put in trial?

A

1980-81

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9
Q

What were Gof4 accused of?

A

Planning to overthrow communist state
Trying to use Red Guards to remove Deng and Liu in 1966.
Punishing and torturing opponents

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10
Q

How did Jiang Qing react during trail?

A

She accused judges of being revisionist spies.

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11
Q

Deng saying which meant he would move away from Communism (in terms of economy)

A

“It doesn’t matter whether a cat is black or white so long as it catches mice”

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12
Q

What were Deng’s economic aims?

A

To modernise Chinese economy
To develop trade with outside world
To encourage foreign investment into China

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13
Q

Reasons for Deng’s reforms

A
  1. Machines old-fashioned, factories inefficient.
  2. Co.operative farms were failing to produce enough food. 1982 - China had to import 13.7 million tons of grain
  3. Grinding poverty was made worse by serious droughts and floods in 1980-1981
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14
Q

Reasons for changes in agriculture

A

Production didn’t meet demands
Communes meant farmers had no incentive to produce more
Still used traditional farming methods

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15
Q

What did Deng’s agricultural reform include?

A

HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM:
- Still no private ownership
- Quota in exchange for using land for 15 years
- Could choose what to grow
- Had control over their labour and could distributed them as they wished
- All extra produced sold for profit

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16
Q

Effects of agricultural reforms

A

By 1984 - 98% of households involved in system
Income per capita (from rural residents) went from 103.9 Yuan in 1978 -> 545 Yuan in 1988

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17
Q

What was the industry reform called?

A

10-Year Plan

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18
Q

What does SOE stand for?

A

State-Owned Enterprises - However - managers told to run factories profitably and introduce incentives for workers.

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19
Q

What were TVEs

A

Town and Village Enterprises - small businesses in countryside

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20
Q

What are SEZs?

A

Special Economic Zones - Provided cheap labour for western firms.

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21
Q

Positive effects of industrial reform

A

Export trade grew by 500%
Record number of consumer goods.
By 1990 TVEs employed 100 million people.

22
Q

Why were changes in education needed after Mao?

A

Cultural revolution meant that by 1979 6% had been educated to degree level.
Industrial progress required mechanical expertise.

23
Q

What did Deng’s education reforms do?

A

Examinations for University entry restored.
Private universities allowed.
Research institutes re-opened
Students encouraged to travel to West for university education.

24
Q

Why was One Child Policy introduced?

A

By 1979 china population = 974 million.
Estimated that by 2000, pop would = 1.28 billion
Concerns about feeding + resources.

25
Q

What was included in One Child Policy?

A

Minimum age for marriage raised.
Couples needed permit to give birth
Financial penalties for having more than one child.
State could order abortions.
Cash bonuses for small families.

26
Q

Positive effects of One Child Policy

A

Reduced fertility rate

27
Q

Negative effects of One Child Policy

A

Difficult to enforce in countryside.
Encouraged late abortion.
Increase in female infanticide. boys:girls = 114:100
Mental health issues in boys

28
Q

What were the “Four Cardinal Principles?

A

Speech (freedom)
Multi-party system
Elections (free)
Leading role (CCP)

29
Q

What was the Democracy Wall movement?

A

Posters began to appear in 1979 in the Avenue of Eternal Peace. Students usually did this.
Students started expressing anti-communist feeling. Unhappy about lack of democracy.

30
Q

What did Wei Jingsheng publish

A

Article criticising lack of democracy called the fifth modernisation.

31
Q

What happened to Wei after he published the article?

A

15 years imprisonment

32
Q

Why was Wei Jingsheng significant?

A

Inspired other activists and was seen as first martyr of the democracy movement.

33
Q

What were the student protests in 1986 about?

A

Poor conditions for students
high rents
Poor job prospects
Corruption in CCP
Controls on what they could study and which books they could read

34
Q

What did students call for in 1980s

A

Democracy
Free speech
Multi-Party system
Free elections

35
Q

Reaction of Deng and the CCP to 1986 student protests

A

Hu Yaobang sacked (after showing support)
Deng ordered arrest of student leaders and tightened censorship.

36
Q

What started student protests in 1989?

A

The death of Hu Yaobang

37
Q

How did Hu Yaobang die?

A

Heart attack

38
Q

Why did students like Hu Yaobang?

A

1- He supported them in 1986
2- Was one of first Chinese officials to abandon Mao suits
3- When asked about which of Mao’s theories were desirable he said “I think, none”

39
Q

Where did students gather in 1989?

A

Tiananmen Square

40
Q

How were student protests in 1989 worsened?

A

Li Peng refused to accept petition from greater freedoms

41
Q

Who was Li Peng?

A

Chinese Premier in 1989

42
Q

How many people now gathered in Tiananmen Square after Li Peng’s actions?

A

100,000 students

43
Q

When did the hunger strike begin?

A

May 1989

44
Q

How many students started the hunger strike?

A

300

45
Q

Why did the students refuse to call off hunger strike?

A

It was receiving worldwide publicity
Mikhail Gorbachev (good Russian leader) was due to visit Beijing.

46
Q

What did Deng do after Gorbachev left?

A

Declared Martial Law

47
Q

How many PLA soldiers did Deng send to Tiananmen Square?

A

350,000

48
Q

When was the Massacre in Tiananmen Square?

A

3rd - 4th of June 1989

49
Q

Features of Massacre

A

Troops and tanks move in and at 10 pm first shots were fired. It finished by midday the next day.
Unknown number of casualties
Government imposed news blackout

50
Q

Reasons for massacre

A

To show Chinese people that government would not tolerate opposition

51
Q

Results of the Massacre

A
  • End of Democracy Movement
  • Deng claimed attack on ‘counter revolutionaries’
  • Usa introduced economic sanctions

China - History GCSE (2 decks)

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