Topic 5- Approaches Flashcards
Assumptions for Behaviourist Approach
- only observe behaviour which can be measured objectively
- All born as “blank slates”
- All behaviour explained through c/o
- Behaviour explained by research into animals (behavioural continuity)
Assumptions for Cognitive Approach
- Uses models to explain mental processes
- Internal mental processes can be studied in objective and scientific way using experiments
- Cognitive processing affected by schemas
Assumptions for Social Learning Theory Approach
- Human behaviour learned from observing and imitating - identify with role model- modelling =imitating behaviour of role model
- Reinforcement likely to be indirect (vicarious reinforcement)
- Mental / cognitive processes are essential for learning ( meditational processes -attention retention reproduction motivation )
Assumptions of Biological Approach
- Behaviour strongly influenced by genetic makeup/ inheritance
- Understanding of brain structures +functions explains behaviour and thought
- Chemical processes responsible for psychological functioning
- Humans - evolved biologically and have much in common with other animals especially primates
Evaluation of behaviourist approach
+scientific credibility- influential in the development of psych as scientific discipline - greater credibility and status
+real life application- reinforcement show through token economy systems in psychiatric wards and children’s ⭐️ charts
-mechanistic view of behaviour - ignores ability to think independently and Employ free will in our actions
Evaluation of SLT
+importance of cognitive factors in learning (classical+operant conditioning) can’t provide adequate account of learning on their own
- over reliance on LAB STUDIES •demand characteristics
- underestimates influence of biological factors
Evaluation of biological approach
+scientific methods of investigation - most scientific research method in psych
+real life app- understanding of biochemical processes=development of treatments
-determinist view of behaviour- sees behaviour controlled by internal, biological causes (no control)
-cannot seperate nature and nurture
MZ DZ TWINS same environment- measuring nuture not nature
Evaluation of Cognitive approach
+scientific/ objective methods - reliability of LAB
+practical application -been applied to wide range of practical and theoretical contexts
-mechanistic reductionism - broadly ignores influence of human emotion and motivation
Content of biological approach?
Genetics
Genotype and phenotype +study on Phenylketonuria
Evolution and behaviour
Influence of neurochemistry on behaviour - neurotransmitters, excitation and inhibition and summation
Content of behaviourist?
Classical conditioning - Pavlov
Operant conditioning - skinner
Content of SLT
Observation- imitation Vicarious reinforcement Role of meditational processes Identification Bandura et al and bandura and Walters
Content of cognitive
Theoretical and computer models
Role of schemas
Emergence of cognitive neuroscience
Outline the emergence of psychology as a science
First lab dedicated to psychological study was opened by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, Germany 1879.
INTROSPECTION- studying the structure of the human mind. Given a stimulus of a metronome and reflected on the experience. They reported what the stimulus made them think and feel. Very subjective
Outline the content of the behaviourist approach
Classical conditioning - Pavlovs dogs -Could be conditioned to salivate to sound of a bell
Operant conditioning - Skinners box -behaviour shaped by consequences
Outline the content of the SLT
1- imitation, identification and modelling
•people are much more likely to imitate behaviour of people with whom they identify, called role models -process is called modelling. Someone becomes a role model if they are seen to possess similar characteristics to the observer and/ or are attractive and have high status. Typically same-sex parents and older siblings become the role model.
2-vicarious reinforcement
•bandura suggested that people learn through the observation and imitation of the behaviours of others and that reinforcement occurs indirectly.
- we observe the actions of others and see them being reinforced
- we learn from these vicarious reinforcements
- we are more likely to imitate a behaviour which have seen rewarded in someone else
3-mediational processes
- attention- someone only reproduces behaviour accurately if they notice the models behaviour
- retention- it needs to be remembered and placed into LTM(can be retrieved)
- reproduction- observer must posses the physical capabilities required for the modelled behaviour
- motivation- expects to receive positive reinforcement for using the behaviour
BANDURA ET AL- children watched adult hit bobo doll, they then copied these behaviours. The group who observed the non aggressive behaviour towards the doll, didn’t behave in the same way.
BANDURA AND WALTERS- shown videos 1st group were praised for the behaviour and 2nd group punished and 3rd group no consequence
