Topic 5 Flashcards
•Cholera Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
Bacteria
Diarrhoea
Consuming contaminated water or food
Have access to clean, reliable water source
•Tuberculosis Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
🔺BACTERIA🔺
Coughing and lung damage
Breathing in infected fluids in the air when infected person coughs
Simple hygiene- wash hands. Infected should avoid crowded areas
•Malaria Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
Protist
🔺Red blood cell damage🔺
Through vectors (e.g.mosquitoes) biting and passing on to humans
Sleep in mosquito nets and use mosquito repellent in malaria stricken areas
•Chalara Ash Dieback Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
🔺Fungi🔺
🔺Loss of leaves🔺bark lesions
🔺Carried through wind and air🔺
Isolate infected trees and cut them down and replanting with different species
•HIV Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
Virus
Weakened immune system, damages white blood cells
Sexual contact and intercourse, transfer of body fluids
Use a condom during sex, don’t share needles and screenings
•Chylamdia Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
🔺Bacteria🔺
🔺Often none (but possible infertility)🔺
Sexual contact and intercourse
Using condoms during sex, avoid sharing needles, screenings
Chemical barriers
Lysozyme in tears- kills bacteria on surface of eye
Stomach acid in stomach- kills pathogens
Physical barriers
Skin- outer layer preventing pathogens from entering (blood clots seal cuts quickly)
Cilia- in trachea and bronchi- trap pathogens in muscus and waft to be throat to be swallowed
—> similar role of cells in hairs in nose
Immune system process
White blood cells come across a pathogen
Lymphocytes release specific antibodies that bind to the antigens on the outside of the pathogen
Now the pathogen is able to be found and destroyed
Process of Immunisation
Inject dead or inactive dose of pathogen- still antigenic
Lymphocytes produce antibodies to bind to the antigens
Memory lymphocytes are created
So if real pathogen enters then the specific antibodies will be made faster as there memory lymphocytes that can produce the correct one
Memory lymphocytes and Immunity after infection
After infection, memory lymphocytes are also produces that remember the antigen and the antibody needed
Remain in blood stream for a long time
If same pathogen enters more lymphocytes will recognise it and so antibodies will be released faster and in higher amounts
What do antibiotics do
Inhibit processes of bacteria and kills them
Different antibiotics kills different types of bacteria
Stages of developing a new drug
Pre clinical testing
Test on some HUMAN tissue, and THEN on live animals
Identify perfect dosage
🔺Clinical testing🔺
🔺Test on healthy volunteers to see if no harmful side effects🔺
Test on humans WITH THE ILLNESS- give some real drug some placebo to allow for the placebo effect
🔺always blind so doctor and patient aren’t subconsciously influenced
Once approved by medical agency can be used for treating safely
Why do antibiotics kill bacterium but not viruses
As they inhibit cell processes in bacterium but not in the host organism’s cells
Lifestyle factors that can increase risk of non-communicable diseases
Smoking Obesity Drugs & Alcohol Lack of exercise Poor diet- high fat content or lack of certain nutrients
