Topic 5 Flashcards
•Cholera Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
Bacteria
Diarrhoea
Consuming contaminated water or food
Have access to clean, reliable water source
•Tuberculosis Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
🔺BACTERIA🔺
Coughing and lung damage
Breathing in infected fluids in the air when infected person coughs
Simple hygiene- wash hands. Infected should avoid crowded areas
•Malaria Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
Protist
🔺Red blood cell damage🔺
Through vectors (e.g.mosquitoes) biting and passing on to humans
Sleep in mosquito nets and use mosquito repellent in malaria stricken areas
•Chalara Ash Dieback Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
🔺Fungi🔺
🔺Loss of leaves🔺bark lesions
🔺Carried through wind and air🔺
Isolate infected trees and cut them down and replanting with different species
•HIV Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
Virus
Weakened immune system, damages white blood cells
Sexual contact and intercourse, transfer of body fluids
Use a condom during sex, don’t share needles and screenings
•Chylamdia Pathogen Symptoms How it spreads Methods to prevent spreading
🔺Bacteria🔺
🔺Often none (but possible infertility)🔺
Sexual contact and intercourse
Using condoms during sex, avoid sharing needles, screenings
Chemical barriers
Lysozyme in tears- kills bacteria on surface of eye
Stomach acid in stomach- kills pathogens
Physical barriers
Skin- outer layer preventing pathogens from entering (blood clots seal cuts quickly)
Cilia- in trachea and bronchi- trap pathogens in muscus and waft to be throat to be swallowed
—> similar role of cells in hairs in nose
Immune system process
White blood cells come across a pathogen
Lymphocytes release specific antibodies that bind to the antigens on the outside of the pathogen
Now the pathogen is able to be found and destroyed
Process of Immunisation
Inject dead or inactive dose of pathogen- still antigenic
Lymphocytes produce antibodies to bind to the antigens
Memory lymphocytes are created
So if real pathogen enters then the specific antibodies will be made faster as there memory lymphocytes that can produce the correct one
Memory lymphocytes and Immunity after infection
After infection, memory lymphocytes are also produces that remember the antigen and the antibody needed
Remain in blood stream for a long time
If same pathogen enters more lymphocytes will recognise it and so antibodies will be released faster and in higher amounts
What do antibiotics do
Inhibit processes of bacteria and kills them
Different antibiotics kills different types of bacteria
Stages of developing a new drug
Pre clinical testing
Test on some HUMAN tissue, and THEN on live animals
Identify perfect dosage
🔺Clinical testing🔺
🔺Test on healthy volunteers to see if no harmful side effects🔺
Test on humans WITH THE ILLNESS- give some real drug some placebo to allow for the placebo effect
🔺always blind so doctor and patient aren’t subconsciously influenced
Once approved by medical agency can be used for treating safely
Why do antibiotics kill bacterium but not viruses
As they inhibit cell processes in bacterium but not in the host organism’s cells
Lifestyle factors that can increase risk of non-communicable diseases
Smoking Obesity Drugs & Alcohol Lack of exercise Poor diet- high fat content or lack of certain nutrients
What disease is smoking a major risk factor of and why
•Cardiovascular disease (any heart or blood vessel disease)
- Nicotine increases blood pressure
- Which leads to artery wall damage
- Increased risk of blood clots forming in the arteries which can cause heart attack or stroke due to restricted blood low
An example of a deficiency disease
Scurvy- vitamin C deficiency
Which communicable diseases are caused by several different risk factors
Cancer, lung and liver disease, obesity —> this leads to cardiovascular disease and diabetes type 2
Effects of non communicable diseases on areas
Regional- if an area has high levels of obesity or alcohol or drug usage then local resources and hospitals will be put under pressure
National- NHS provides costly resources for all over UK. Some can’t work due to the disease and so economy decreases
Global- malnutrition is a big problem in developing countries due to lack of food- high cost and occurrence holds back the country’s development
Effects of alcohol consumption on liver disease
- Alcohol is broken down by enzymes and some of the products are toxic
- Drinking long term with longevity
Waist to hip ratio =
What is considered obese
Waist circumference/ hip circumference
Above 1 for males
and
Above 0.85 for females
suggest carrying too much weight
What is considered obese on BMI scale
30 or above
Three forms of treatment for cardiovascular disease
What is it caused by
Life long medication
Surgery
Lifestyle and diet changes
Smoking and obesity
How does cardiovascular disease occur
- Too much cholesterol cusses fatty deposits to build up in areas where artery wall is damaged- restricting blood flow
- Fatty deposits can cause blood clots to form which can completely block blood flow causing heart attack (heart muscle is deprived of oxygen from blood) or stroke (brain deprived)
Evaluate the use of lifelong medication for treatment of CVD
If lifestyle change isn’t enough people can take
•statins- reduce cholesterol in blood stream by slowing rate it forms (reduces risk of heart attack and stroke)
- however can cause aching muscles and liver damage
Can also take drugs to reduce blood pressure (and therefore damage to blood vessels), but can cause fainting and headaches
Can take one to make less blood clots form, but can cause excessive bleeding
How does the artery wall become damaged
High blood pressure
