Fuel & Earth Science Flashcards

1
Q

Homologous Series characteristics

A

Gradual change in physical properties
Similar chemical properties
Formula differs by CH2

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2
Q

Why are hydrocarbons good fuels

A

When burned they release a lot of energy

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3
Q

Alkane formula

A

Cn H2n+2

Carbon single bond with four hydrogen bonds, saturated

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4
Q

Alkene formula

A

Cn H2n

carbon double bond and 2 hydrogen bonds, unsaturated

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5
Q

Crude oil is

A
  • a complex mixture of hydrocarbons- molecules of carbon chains with hydrogen
  • split into smaller, more useful, important fractions, ranging between short & long length chain
  • finite resource
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6
Q

Properties of small chain hydrocarbons compared to long chain

A
  • shorter has a lower BP as intermolecular forces are weaker in shorter
  • short hydrocarbons are easy to ignite due to their low BP, long are hard to ignite
  • shorter molecules are less viscous
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7
Q

Process of fractional Distillation for crude oil

A
  • oil is heated until most is turned to gas
  • the gas is put into a fractionating column apart from bitumen (liquid is drained off)
  • temperature gradient in the column (hot at bottom, cooler at top) means the longer hydrocarbons with higher BP turn to liquid and drain out, into different sections, first. Shorter chain drain off later on at the top of the column
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8
Q

Names and uses of fractions

A
Gas- cooking, heating
Petrol- car fuel
Kerosene- plants fuel
Diesel- train and truck fuel
Fuel oil- large ship fuel and power stations 
Bitumen- used to roof houses and
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9
Q

Products of complete and incomplete combustion

A

Complete = oxygen + hydrocarbon —> carbon dioxide + water

Incomplete = limited oxygen + hydrocarbon —> carbon monoxide (also some soot) and water

carbon monoxide can be fatal due to lack of oxygen in brain
soot reduces air quality

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10
Q

How is carbon monoxide a toxic gas

A

Prevents red blood cells from carrying oxygen around the body

  • odourless
  • colourless
  • stays near the ground so can suffocate people in their sleep
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11
Q

How does acid rain occur

And its effect

A

Impurities in fossil fuels releases some sulphur and nitrogen
Reacts with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide

Pollutes water, killing fish and possibly animals
Damages leaves of trees- so can’t photosynthesise
Causes metal corrosion

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12
Q

Hydrogen fuel advantages and disadvantages

A

Pros- only product is water, abundant resource, renewable as taken from water

Cons- hard to transport (must be pressurised) which is expensive, hydrogen leaks can cause explosions, hydrogen stations would have to be implemented, manufactured using energy

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13
Q

Explain what Cracking is

A

Cracking is the breakdown of longer chain saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes), into smaller chain, more useful and unsaturated molecules (alkenes)

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14
Q

Process of cracking

A

Hydrocarbons are heated until vaporised, pressured and added to a catalyst

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15
Q

Why use cracking

A

Demand for shorter chain molecules is greater as they ignite easier and so are better fuels

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16
Q

Description and explanation of Earth’ early atmosphere

A
  • Intense volcanic activity released mostly carbon dioxide and some water vapour, methane and ammonia
  • There was very little oxygen
17
Q

How did oceans form

And the effect on CO2 levels

A

-water vapour condensed to from the oceans

•lots of CO2 dissolved into the oceans

18
Q

How did oxygen levels in atmosphere increase

A
  • Green plants evolved over most of Earth and photosynthesised, removing CO2 and producing O2
  • Therefore, CO2 got locked up in plants and fossil fuels made from dead plants in sedimentary rock
19
Q

How was the evolution of complex organisms allowed

A
  • Build of oxygen killed off early species who couldn’t handle it
  • allowed evolution of complex organisms that use oxygen
  • oxygen created ozone layer to allow more complex organisms to evolve
20
Q

Levels of CO2 a billion years ago

A

Virtually none

21
Q

Describe greenhouse gas effect

A

Sun gives out EM radiation, some wavelengths pass through atmosphere

  • some is absorbed by Earth for heating
  • some is radiated from earth as infrared radiation
  • some of this radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases leading to global warming