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Biology > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Habitat

A

The place where an organism lives

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2
Q

Define Population

A

All the organisms of one species in a habitat

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3
Q

Define Population Size

A

The number of individuals of one species in a particular area (same as abundance)

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4
Q

Define Community

A

Populations of different species in a habitat

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5
Q

Define Abiotic

A

Non living features of the ecosystem - chemical and physical factors

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6
Q

Define Biotic

A

Living features of an ecosystem - the factors influenced by organisms

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7
Q

Define Abundance

A

The number of individuals of one species in a particular area (same as population size)

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8
Q

Define Distribution

A

Where a species is within a particular area

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9
Q

Name three or more abiotic factors affecting population size

A 
Amount of light
Amount of water
Amount of space
Temperature of surroundings
Chemical composition of surroundings
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10
Q

Name the biotic factors affecting population size

A

Interspecific competition
Intraspecific competition
Predation

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11
Q

Define Interspecific Competition

A

When organisms of different species compete for the same resources

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12
Q

What resources do organisms compete for?

A

Food sources, habitats, water, space, light

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13
Q

Define Intraspecifc Competition

A

When organisms of the same species compete for the same resources. Resources become limiting, population begins to decline, less competition so grows again

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14
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The maximum stable population size of a species than an ecosystem can support

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15
Q

What is the maximum stable population size of a species than an ecosystem can support called?

A

The carrying capacity

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16
Q

Define Predation

A

Where an organism kills and eats another organism

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17
Q

Name the abiotic factors affecting distribution of organisms

A

Aspect, light intensity, salinity, temperature

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18
Q

Name the biotic factors affecting distribution of organisms

A

Interspecific competition - organism outcompete in an area by another

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19
Q

What is a niche?

A

The role of a species within its habitat

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20
Q

How many species can occupy a niche?

A

One

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21
Q

How does the concept of a niche explain species abundance?

A

Species occupying similar niches will compete for resources so fewer individuals of each can survive

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22
Q

How does the concept of a niche explain species distribution?

A

Can only exist in habitats where the conditions that comprise their role exist.

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23
Q

When do you count a square in a quadrat for percentage cover?

A

When more than half covered

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24
Q

Which plants do you record with a pin quadrat?

A

Every plant the pin touches

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25
Q

What is a transect used for?

A

Investigating distribution of plants in an area

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26
Q

How do you investigate the distribution of plants in an area?

A

Use a transect

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27
Q

What are the three types of transect?

A

Line, belt and interrupted

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28
Q

What is a line transect?

A

A line is placed along the transect and all the species that touch it are recorded

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29
Q

What is a belt transect?

A

Data is collected along the transect using frame or point quadrats

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30
Q

What is an interrupted transect?

A

Data collected at intervals along the transect rather than investigating the whole transect

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31
Q

What abiotic factors can you measure?

A 
Temperature
Rainfall
Humidity
Oxygen availability
Light intensity
pH
Soil moisture
Relief (height changes of surface)
Slope angle
Aspect
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32
Q

How do you measure temperature?

A

Thermometer

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33
Q

How do you measure rainfall?

A

Rain gauge

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34
Q

How do you measure humidity?

A

Hygrometer

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35
Q

How do you measure oxygen availability?

A

Oxygen sensor

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36
Q

How do you measure light intensity?

A

Light sensor

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37
Q

How do you measure pH?

A

pH probe

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38
Q

How do you measure moisture content?

A

Mass measured before and after drying, as percentage

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39
Q

How do you measure relief?

A

GPS/contour lines

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40
Q

How do you measure slope angle?

A

Clinometer

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41
Q

How do you measure aspect?

A

Compass

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42
Q

What is succession?

A

The process by which an ecosystem changes over time

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43
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Happens on newly formed or exposed land. No soil or organic matter to start with, just bare rock

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44
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Happens on land cleared of all plants, but with soil remaining.

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45
Q

What are the stages of succession called?

A

Seral stages

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46
Q

How does primary succession progress?

A
  • Seeds and spores blown in
  • Pioneer species change the abiotic conditions, making them less harsh
  • Pioneers die, decompose to humus - forms a basic soil
  • New organisms can move in and grow
  • Die, increase volume and mineral content of soil
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47
Q

What are the first species to grow on bare land called?

A

Pioneer species

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48
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

A

As there is already soil, secondary starts at a later seral stage.

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49
Q

What is the final seral stage called?

A

A climax community

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50
Q

What is a climax community?

A

The ecosystem is supporting the most complex and largest community of plants and animals it can

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51
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Process whereby energy from light breaks the strong bonds in water and combines hydrogen with CO2 to form glucose. O2 is released into the atmosphere

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52
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

An inorganic phosphate is added to an ADP molecule using energy from a reaction like respiration using the enzyme ATP synthase

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53
Q

How does ATP store energy?

A

Chemical energy in the phosphate bond

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54
Q

What enzyme catalyses ATP formation?

A

ATP synthase

55
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

Broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATPase acts as catalyst.

56
Q

What is the catalyst for the break down of ATP?

A

ATPase

57
Q

What kind of reaction is the breakdown of ATP?

A

Hydrolysis

58
Q

What kind of reaction is the formation of ATP?

A

Phosphorylation

59
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule

60
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule using light

61
Q

What is photolysis?

A

The splitting of a molecule using light

62
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The splitting of a molecule using water

63
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme

64
Q

How do coenzymes work?

A

By transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another

65
Q

What is the coenzyme in photosynthesis?

A

NADP

66
Q

What does NADP do?

A

Transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another in photosynthesis

67
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In the chloroplasts of plant cells

68
Q

What are chloroplasts? What are their structure?

A

Small, flattened organelles found in plant cells. They have a double membrane called the chloroplast envelope. Contains thylakoids stacked in structures called grana. Grana are linked by bits of thylakoid membrane called lamellae. Chloroplasts contain photosynthetic pigments

69
Q

What is the chloroplast envelope?

A

The double membrane of a chloroplast

70
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

In chloroplasts. Fluid filled sacs

71
Q

What are grana?

A

In chloroplasts. Stacks of thylakoids.

72
Q

What links grana?

A

Bits of thylakoid membrane called lamellae

73
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Bits of thylakoid membrane linking grana

74
Q

Examples of photosynthetic pigments?

A

Chlorophyll a and b, carotene.

75
Q

What do photosynthetic pigments do?

A

Coloured substances that absorb light energy for photosynthesis

76
Q

Where are photosynthetic pigments found?

A

Attached to proteins in thylakoid membrane

77
Q

What is a photosystem?

A

Photosynthetic pigment joined to protein

78
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Gel like substance surrounding thylakoids within inner membrane of chloroplasts

79
Q

What does the stroma contain?

A

Enzymes, sugars, organic acids, oil droplets storing non-carbohydrate organic material

80
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

The light dependant and light independent reactions

81
Q

Where does the light dependant reaction take place?

A

In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

82
Q

Where does the light independent reaction take place?

A

Stroma of chloroplasts

83
Q

Other name for the light independent reaction?

A

The Calvin cycle

84
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

The light independent stage of photosynthesis

85
Q

What is light energy absorbed by photosystems used for the in the light dependent reaction?

A

1) Making ATP (photophosphorylation)
2) Making reduced NADP from NADP
3) Splitting water into protons, electrons and oxygen (photolysis)

86
Q

What are the two types of photophosphorylation in the light dependent reaction?

A

Cyclic and non cyclic

87
Q

What links photosystems together?

A

Electron carriers

88
Q

What are electron carriers?

A

Proteins that transfer electrons

89
Q

What does non cyclic photophosphorylation produce?

A

ATP, reduced NADP and oxygen

90
Q

What happens in non cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

1) Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll
2) Photolysis of water produces protons, electrons and O2
3) Energy from excited electrons makes ATP
4) Energy from excited electrons generates reduced NADP

91
Q

Explain the step ‘light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll’

A
  • Light energy absorbed by PSII
  • Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll
  • The electrons move to a higher energy level
  • High energy electrons move along electron transport chain to PSI
92
Q

Explain the step ‘photolysis of water produces protons, electrons and O2’

A
  • Light energy splits water into protons, electrons and oxygen
  • The electrons replace those excited in PSII
93
Q

Explain the step ‘energy from excited electrons makes ATP’

A
  • Electrons lose energy as they move along the electron transport chain
  • This energy transports protons into the thylakoid, giving it a higher conc than the stroma, forming a proton gradient across the membrane
  • Protons move down gradient into stroma via ATP synthase enzyme. Energy from this movement combines ADP and Pi
94
Q

Explain the step ‘generates reduced NADP’

A
  • Light energy absorbed by PSI excites electrons to an even higher energy level
  • Electrons are transferred to NADP along with a proton from the stroma to form Reduced NADP
95
Q

Explain cyclic photophosphorylation

A

Excited electrons pass down the electron transport chain from PSI back to PSI, forming only small amounts of ATP in the process.

96
Q

What are the three key stages of the Calvin cycle?

A

1) Carbon dioxide is combined with RuBP to form two molecules of GP
2) ATP and reduced NADP are required for the reduction of GP to GALP
3) RuBP is regenerated

97
Q

Explain the first step of the Calvin cycle

A
  • CO2 enters leaf through stomata and diffuses into the stroma of chloroplasts
  • CO2 combined with RuBP (5C) which creates 6C that quickly breaks down to 2 GP (3C)
  • Reactions of CO2 and RuBP catalysed by rubisco
98
Q

Explain the second step of the Calvin cycle

A
  • ATP provides energy to reduce GP to GALP (3C)
  • Reduction requires H+ from reduced NADP, recycled to NADP
  • GALP converted to useful compounds eg. glucose
99
Q

Explain the third step of the Calvin cycle

A
  • 5 out of 6 GALP molecules used to regenerate RuBP

* Regeneration uses rest of ATP from light-dependant reaction

100
Q

How many turns of the Calvin cycle to produce one glucose molecule?

A

Six

101
Q

How many ATP/rNADP for one glucose in the Calvin cycle?

A

18 ADP

12 rNADP

102
Q

How is the structure of a chloroplast adapted for photosynthesis?

A
  • Chloroplast envelope keeps reactants for photosynthesis close to reaction sites
  • Thylakoids have large surface area to absorb light
  • Lots of ATP synthase in thylakoid membranes to produce ATP
  • Stroma contains all the reactants and enzymes for light-independent reaction
103
Q

How much energy is passed to the next trophic level?

A

10%

104
Q

Where does the energy not passed to the next trophic level go?

A
  • Some light is not absorbed/reflected/passes through leaves
  • Some light hits not photosynthesising parts of the plant
  • Some parts of food can’t be eaten eg. bones and roots
  • Some part indigestible and pass out as faeces
  • Lost in ‘respiratory loss’ e.g. body heat
105
Q

What is gross productivity?

A

The total energy taken in by an organism

106
Q

What is net productivity?

A

The total energy available to the next trophic level

107
Q

How is net productivity calculated?

A

Gross productivity - respiratory loss

108
Q

Impact of warm temperature on tree rings?

A

Thicker when warmer

109
Q

How do you tell climate from peat bogs?

A

Preserves pollen in age order, pollen shows type of plants successful at a time

110
Q

How is CO2 increasing in the atmosphere?

A

Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, burning trees, or when broken down by decomposers

111
Q

How is methane increasing in the atmosphere?

A

Extraction of fossil fuels, decaying waste, more cattle, thawing permafrost

112
Q

What are the effects of global warming?

A

Rising temperature, changing rainfall patterns, seasonal cycles

113
Q

Effects of rising temperature?

A
  • Affects metabolism of all organisms
  • Rate of growth and speed through lifecycles increase, or the opposite for some organisms
  • Species move to other locations for ideal temperature, affecting distribution
114
Q

Effects of changing rainfall patterns?

A
  • Affect lifecycles of some organisms

* Affect distribution as rainfall conditions stop being ideal - desert areas may expand etc

115
Q

Effects of changing seasonal cycles?

A
  • Changes lifecycles of some organisms

* Changes distribution of some organisms

116
Q

How to investigate effect of temperature on seedling growth rate

A
  • Plant seedling in soil trays and measure the height of each seedling
  • Incubate trays at different temperatures
  • Make sure other variables are the same
  • Record change in height after period of time
  • Calculate average growth by:
    avg. change in seedling height in tray/incubation period
117
Q

How to investigate effect of temperature on brine shrimp hatch rate

A

*Put equal number of eggs in water baths at different temperatures
*Keep all other variable the same
*Record number of hatched eggs every 5 hours
*Calculate hatch rate by:
number of hatched shrimp/number of hours

118
Q

What two methods are there of reducing atmospheric CO2 concentration?

A

Biofuels and reforestation

119
Q

What are biofuels?

A

Fuels produced from living or recently living materials

120
Q

How do biofuels reduce CO2 conc?

A

No net increase when burnt because amount released is same as amount taken in when material was growing. Therefore by replacing fossil fuels stops the increase

121
Q

What is reforestation?

A

Planting new trees in existing forests which have been depleted

122
Q

How does reforestation reduce CO2 conc?

A

More trees mean more CO2 is removed by photosynthesis, converted to carbon compounds and stored, so less in the atmosphere

123
Q

Limitations of climate change models?

A
  • Don’t actually know how emissions will change
  • Don’t know how much each scenario would increase temperature by
  • Change in CO2 conc due to natural causes not known
  • Don’t know what attempts there will be at managing CO2 conc, nor how successful they will be
124
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

The complete range of alleles present in a population

125
Q

What causes new alleles to appear?

A

Mutations in genes - changes in base sequence of DNA that occur during DNA replication

126
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

How often alleles occur in a population

127
Q

What is evolution?

A

A change in allele frequency in a population over time

128
Q

How does evolution occur through natural selection?

A
  • Some individuals better adapted because of their alleles
  • More likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their genes
  • More individuals in next generation have allele
  • Frequency increases, this is evolution
129
Q

How does reproductive isolation lead to speciation?

A

Species are organisms that can reproduce to create fertile offspring and are not isolated in place, time or behaviour. Reproductive isolation means they change so much they are incompatible

130
Q

What causes reproductive isolation?

A

Population divided by physical barrier
Conditions different on either side
Natural selection takes different paths
Allele frequencies in each population differ

131
Q

DNA evidence for evolution?

A

Organisms that have diverged from one another more recently have more similar DNA

132
Q

Proteomics as evidence for evolution?

A

Related organisms have similar amino acid sequences. More recent divergence should have more similar proteins, and this is the case.

133
Q

What is proteomics?

A

Study of proteins

134
Q

Three ways scientists share and discuss work?

A

Scientific journals
Peer review
Conferences

Biology (7 decks)

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