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Biology > Topic 1 - Lifestyle, Health and Risk > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Lifestyle, Health and Risk Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are CVDs?

A

Cardiovascular Diseases - diseases of the heart and circulation

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2
Q

What are Closed Circulatory Systems?

A

Blood enclosed in tubes. Creates higher blood pressure. Blood travels faster. More efficient.

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3
Q

Blood vessels carrying blood from heart

A

Arteries

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4
Q

Blood vessel to lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

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5
Q

Describe a double circulatory system

A

E.g. Birds and mammals. Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs for gas exchange. Returns to heart. Left ventricle pumps to rest of body.

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6
Q

Blood supply to the heart

A

Coronary arteries

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7
Q

Why do animals have a heart and circulation?

A

To move substances around the body. Overcome limitations of diffusion.

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8
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Disease process leading to CHD and strokes. Fatty deposits can directly block arteries or increase chance of being blocked by a thrombosis.

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9
Q

Other useful feature of water in circulation?

A

High specific heat capacity, so a high amount of energy is required to change the temperature by a small amount, so helps organisms avoid rapid temperature change.

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10
Q

Pump to body

A

Left side

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11
Q

Why a double circulatory system?

A

Gets blood around rest of the body faster, allowing a high metabolic rate as substances needed are delivered more rapidly to cells.

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12
Q

Main unique features of veins

A

Wide lumen, thinner walls, less collagen, elastic fibres, and smooth muscle, vales. Less round shape.

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13
Q

Why does blood only flow in one direction?

A

Valves prevent it flowing back

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14
Q

Cardiac Cycle Phase 2

A

Ventricle systole.Ventricles contract from base upwards pushing blood out through arteries. Pressure of blood against atrioventricular valves closes them and prevents flow back into the atria.

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15
Q

What is an Open Circulatory System?

A

Blood circulates in large open spaces (e.g. In insects). Simple heart pumps blood out into cavities surrounding organs. Substances diffuse between blood and cells. Heart has small valve openings along the length.

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16
Q

Result of blocked artery in legs

A

Tissue death and gangrene

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17
Q

What are the main forms of CVDs?

A

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Stroke

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18
Q

Blood vessels carrying blood to heart

A

Veins

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19
Q

Cardiac Cycle Phase 3

A

Diastole. Atria and ventricles relax, lowering pressure. Blood in arteries (high pressure) drawn back towards ventricles, closing semilunar valves. Coronary arteries fill. Low pressure in atria draws blood back into heart from veins.

20
Q

Blood vessels from lungs

A

Pulmonary veins

21
Q

One full heartbeat is called…

A

…a cardiac cycle

22
Q

Why is blood important?

A

Transport of dissolved substances and cells, regulation of body temperature

23
Q

Main unique features of arteries

A

Narrow lumen, thicker walls, more collagen, elastic fibres and smooth muscle cells, no valves

24
Q

Cardiac Cycle Phase 1

A

Atrial Systole. Skeletal and breathing muscles draw blood into heart. Low pressure makes it flow into artia. Pressure builds as they fill opening atrioventricular valves and blood leaks into ventricles. Artia walls contract forcing more blood into ventricles.

25
Q

Capillaries

A

Very narrow, walls one cell thick. Lie close to all cells allowing rapid diffusion between blood and surrounding cells.

26
Q

Blood vessels from body

A

Inferior Vena Cava - from lower body Superior Vena Cava - from head and arms

27
Q

Diastole

A

Heart relaxes, elasticity of artery walls makes them recoil behind the blood, helping to push it forwards. Blood moves along the length as each section stretches and recoils in series.

28
Q

Main blood vessel to body

A

Aorta

29
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Restricted blood to brain, damage or death to brain cells.

30
Q

Describe a single circulatory system

A

E.g in a fish. Blood pumped to gills, oxygen diffuses in, blood flows around rest of the body, eventually returns to gills

31
Q

What are the different types of circulatory system?

A

Open, Closed, Double

32
Q

Important properties of water

A

Liquid at room temperature unlike most small molecules. Polar molecule.

33
Q

Pump to lungs

A

Right side

34
Q

Systole

A

Heart contracts, blood forced into arteries, walls stretch.

35
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

Myocardial infarction. Arteries supplying heart are blocked. Cells in heart die.

36
Q

What is mass flow?

A

Transport of a liquid and all the particles it contains in one direction

37
Q

What is the main cause of death in the UK?

A

CVDs

38
Q

Solvent properties of water

A

Many chemicals dissolve easily in water. This allows important reactions to occur in the cytoplasm of cells as chemicals are free to move around and collide. Dissolved substances can also be transported around organisms easily

39
Q

Blood flow in the veins

A

Assisted by contraction of skeletal muscles during movement of limbs and breathing. Low pressure developed in chest cavity (thorax) when breathing draws blood back into the heart. Backflow prevented by valves. Blood under lower pressure.

40
Q

Similarities of blood vessels

A

Walls contain collagen - tough fibrous protein, makes then strong and durable Elastic fibres, allows stretch and recoil Smooth muscle cells - constriction and dilation

41
Q

What happens during atherosclerosis?

A

Something damages the endothelium. Infalmmatory response. White blood cells move into artery wall. These cells accumulate chemicals, particularly cholesterol. Deposit called an atheroma builds up. Calcium salts and fibrous tissue build up. Hard swelling called a plaque. Fibrous tissue build up hardens wall. Plaques narrow artery. Increase in blood pressure.

42
Q

What happens when blood clots?

A

Platelet plug forms. Blood-collagen contact starts chemical cascade. Thromobplastin creates thrombin from prothrombin. Thrombin creates insoluble fibrin fron soluble firbrinogen. These strands tangle and trap blood, forming a clot.

43
Q

Why do only ateries get atherosclerosis?

A

Fast flowing and high pressure blood means a significantly greater chance of damage to the walls.

44
Q

Consequences of atherosclerosis.

A

Angina - chest pain.
Fatty plaque ruptures - cholesterol released, rapid clot formation. Blocked blood supply.

45
Q
A

Biology (7 decks)

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