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Year 13 Biology > topic 5 > Flashcards

topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

how is atp created

A

in a hydrolysis reaction where the 3rd phosphate bond is broken (energy is released)
reaction catalysed by ATPase and ADP is the product

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2
Q

what is autotroph
what is heterotroph

A

an organism that can convert abiotic sources (light) of energy into energy stored in organic compounds
Can’t produce its own food eat plants or animals

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3
Q

respiration equation
respiration is the process by which

A

glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water
organisms produce ATP

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4
Q

what is a redox reaction

A

oxidation is the loss of H2 or e- from a compound
reduction is the gain of H2 or e- from a compound

-a redox reaction involves oxid AND reduc

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5
Q

how can respiration be measured

A

respirometer
-02 is used up but co2 is produced in the meanwhile, co2 absorbed by KOH causing pressure in specimen tube to reduce, this pressure difference causes fluid to move up in the tube, , higher fluid moves = faster respiration rate

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6
Q

What is glycolysis

A

-takes place in the cytoplasm , sugar splitting, , involves splitting of a 6 carbon glucose molecule into 3 carbon pyruvate molecules

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7
Q

glycolysis 1
Where does it take place

A

glucose=made more reactive by the hydrolysis of 2 atp mols which release 2 pi mols which are added to the glucose to form phosphorylated glucose
-phosp glucose is then split into 2 mols of glycerate-3-phosphate GP

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

glycolysis 2
whats the net gain and whats the final product og glycolusis

A

each GP mol oxidised by releasing 2H atoms which are accepted by NAD co enzyme , 2 NADH Mols formed which carry e- to etc
-2 atp mols used but 4 r produced , net gain of 2 atp
-Pyruvate formed

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9
Q

Pyruvate produced can become involved in anaerobic respiration, what happens ?

A

-Reduced NAD/NADH used to convert pyruvate into lactate
-Pyruvate reduced (accepts H atoms from reduc NAD)
-lactate lowers pH of blood
-as a result muscles become fatigued

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10
Q

2

A

After exercise lactate converted back to Pyruvate , Pyruvate is oxidised which can then enter the kerbs cycle anextra oxygen is needed

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11
Q

How does the energy released by the electrons moving down the ETC drive atp synthesis

A

Chemiosmosis

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12
Q

What’s substrate level phosphorylation

A

Direct transfer of a phosphate group

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13
Q

where does the link reaction take place and what happens
what are the products

A

-mitochondrial matrix
-pyruvate is decarboxylated (looses co2 mol)
-acetate formed combines with co enzyme A to make acetyl co enzyme
-NAD + is reduced to NADH as it gains H atoms from pyruv

overall products of link r : 2 mols Co2 , NADH , acetyl co enzyme

the 2 carbon acetyl co enzyme mols enter krebs cycle

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14
Q

what happens in the krebs cycle
1. formation of citrate
2. formation of a 5C compound
3. formation of a 4C compound

A

Acetyl coenzyme (2C compound) combines with a 4 carbon compound to produce citrate (6 carbon comp)

citrate = decarboxylated (releases a co2 mol)
citrate goes thru dehydrogenation (reducing NAD+ to NADH
forming a 5c compound)

5C comp goes thru another round of decarboxylation and dehydrogenation, resulting in ur 4C comp

4C comp goes thru more steps: FAD = reduced to FADH, NAD+ is reduced to NADH, one mol ATP produced

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15
Q

krebs cycle net products per glucose molecule

A

4 CO2 , 6 NADH, 2 mols reduced fad, 2 mols atp

the reduced NAD and FAD carry e- to the e- tc where atp is produced thru oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

what happens in the e- transport chain and where does it occur

A

inner mitochondrial membrane
the reduced NAD and FAD carry e- to the e- tc where atp is produced thru oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

At the end of the ETC

A

Electrons are passed to the final electron accepter oxygen along with protons to form water

18
Q

H+ ions in the etc
Whereas the e-

A

Move into the inter membrane space (causing the conc of H+ ions to increase and creating a proton gradient), H+ diffuse back into the matrix thru the stalked particle. The energy released thru the movement of protons is used to combine ADP + Pi to form ATP

As e- pass between carriers energy is released as ATP

19
Q

Explain the role of Krebs cycle

A

Completely oxidises Pyruvate
Releasing as much energy as possible to generate atp

20
Q

In a chloroplast what is the
Granum
Stroma

A

-Stacks of thylakoid membrane which contain chlorophyll
-fluid surrounding granum

21
Q

What’s the absorption spectrum

A

The range of diff wavelengths of light a photosynthetic pigment absorbs

22
Q

Action spectrum

A

The rate of photosynthesis against the wavelength of light absorbed

23
Q

What is chlorophyll
What’s an adv

A

A mixture of photosynthetic pigments that absorb different wavelengths of light
More than one pigment means more wavelengths of light and thus more energy absorbed, faster rate of photosynthesis

24
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. electrons passed along etc
  2. Oxygen is the final acceptor
  3. Process called chemiosmosis
25
Q

Compare and contrast the structure of a prokaryotic cell with a mitochondrion

A
  • both have plasmids
    -both have ribosomes
    -prokaryotes don’t have a cell wall
26
Q

Describe the fate of reduced nad in aerobic respiration

A
  1. reduced nad moves into mitochondria
  2. Moves to inner mitochondrial membrane (etc)
  3. Becomes oxidised
  4. Electrons transferred to etc
  5. H+ ions pumped into inter membrane space
27
Q

Describe the link between ATP and H+ ions

A

-H+ ions pass thru stalked particles
-energy released to join adp+pi to produce atp
-chemiosmosis

28
Q

How is NAD formed

A

NAD forms when reduced NAD releases its electrons
-the electrons r taken to the etc
Whilst the H + ions move into intermebrane space

29
Q

where does the light dependent stage of photosynthesis occur
what happens in the first stage of the ‘light dependent stage’

A

-thylakoid membranes
-photolysis of water, light splits water into H+ and e- and oxyg which is made from water

30
Q

What is photo phosphorylation

A

The process of generating atp from adp and pi using energy from light during photosynthesis, occurs in thylakoid membranes,

31
Q

Cyclic photosphorylation - just involves ps1 (light dependent)

A

-In photosystem 1 light excites electrons raising them to a higher energy level
e- emitted from chlorophyll move through a series of e- carriers
-e- are passed along etc, as they move down energy lvls the energy lost is used to synthesise atp
-e- return to photosystem 1

32
Q

Non cyclic photophosphorylation

A
  1. Light energy hits chlorophyll in ps1, emits e- which are picked up by NADP co enzy,e
  2. NADP accepts H+ ion from water, becomes reduc
  3. At the same time an electron emitted from chlorophyll In PS2 is picked up by an elec acceptor and passed along etc synthesising atp, this e- picked up by ps1 to replace the one lost
    Photolysis replaces lost e- from ps2
33
Q

What is the light independent reaction

A

Calvin cycle, uses ATP and reduced NADP to produce glucose , occurs in stroma

34
Q

What are the stages of the Calvin cycle

A
  1. CO2 bonds with RuBP a 5C compound to produce a 6C compound, catalysed by RUBISCO enzyme
  2. 6C compound splits into 2 GP mols
  3. Redu NADP & ATP used to convert GP to GALP
    (ATP hydrolysed into ADP+Pi , reduc NADP is oxidised to NADP as it donates a H to GP)
  4. Some GALP used to make glucose , some reform RuBP by ATP
35
Q

What’s a limiting factor
How can the rate of photosynthesis be measured

A

A variable that limits the rate of a chemical reaction
-volume of o2 produced or vol of co2 taken in

36
Q

Light -

A

Low lvls light reduce the amount of ATP and NADP produced in the light dependent stage so will limit the rate of the light independent reactions

37
Q

Co2

A

A lack of co2 means less RuBP can be converted into GP and then GALP
-some growers deliberately enrich the atmosphere with c02 to increase production

38
Q

Temperature

A

many reactions in photosynthesis involve enzymes, which need sufficient KE to collide with substrates and form enzyme sub complexes . But at temps above optimum enzymes will denature as active site changes shape

39
Q

What molecule is produced by photophosphyrlation

A

Oxygen

40
Q

GALP can be used as…

A

A raw material in the production of monosaccharides and amino acids

Year 13 Biology (5 decks)

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