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PSYC213 > TOPIC 5 > Flashcards

TOPIC 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Intergroup Bias?

A

• Systematic tendency to perceive one‟s own group (the ingroup) more favourably than a group to which one does not belong to (the outgroup).

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2
Q

What things can bias range from?

A

Ethnicity, religion, gender, sexuality, weight, physical appearance, ability, ideologies, etc.

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3
Q

What are 3 types of ways bias can manifest itself as?

A
  • Attitude (prejudice)
  • Behaviour (discrimination)
  • Cognition (stereotyping).
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4
Q

Define prejudice

A

Negative attitudes or feelings toward a certain group and its individual members.

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5
Q

Define discrimination

A

Action or behaviour in favour or against an individual

based on their group membership.

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6
Q

Define stereotyping

A

Generalised belief that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.

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7
Q

Why have blatant forms of bias declined over the years?

A

• Social norms have lead to a decline in such expressions as they are seen as morally wrong.

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8
Q

What is Aversive Racism?

A

Form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalise

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9
Q

What is implicit bias?

A

Stereotypes or prejudice considered unconscious or
implicit when people express them without awareness and without being able to control their responses

  • Implicit prejudice and stereotypes broadly represent mental association between a group and feelings or beliefs.
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10
Q

What kind of tools are used to measure implicit bias?

A

IAT, evaluative priming, GNAT, etc.

e.g. reaction times are used for responding to different coloured people with good and bad

ERP and fMRI also used to study implicit biases

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11
Q

What has been shown about implicit bias and behaviour?

A

Implicit attitudes and stereotypes predict a
variety of behaviours

However, meta-analyses suggest that implicit attitudes and stereotypes have weak relationship with actual behaviour

Implicit attitudes and stereotypes may predict outcomes at the context
level

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12
Q

What has ERP and fMRI found about implicit bias?

A
  • ERP and fMRI studies have shown that people perceive greater threat from certain outgroups than ingroups.
  • Studies using fMRI show that people dehumanise certain outgroups.
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13
Q

How is the economic perspective a cause for implicit bias?

A
  • Competition for material resources can lead to intergroup bias.
  • Poor economic conditions relate to increased hatred toward outgroups

• Tendency for scapegoating: blame an innocent individual or group for a negative experience

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14
Q

What is Realistic Conflict Theory?

A
  • Competition for scarce resources between groups breeds prejudice, stereotypes, and hostility
  • Competition between two groups sufficient for intergroup hostility and not necessarily differences in background, histories, etc.
  • Resource conflict doesn‟t have to be real; it may be perceived or subjective.

• Superordinate goals that require groups to work
together (not just putting them together) helps reduce hostility between them.

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15
Q

What is the Motivational Perspective?

A
  • Humans live, work, play, and fight in groups.
  • A fundamental motive is need to belong and affiliate.
  • Serves basic motive of self-protection.
  • Also generates readiness for “us vs. them” mentality
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16
Q

What is Social Identity Theory (SIT)

A

• Our self concept and self esteem not only derived from our personal identity and accomplishments, but also from status and accomplishments of groups to which we belong.

People strive to achieve or maintain a positive social identity; positive identity derives from favourable comparisons made between the ingroup and relevant outgroups

• People engaged in ingroup favouritism showed higher self-esteem than
those who did not.
• Watching one‟s team win a game increased self-esteem and more
optimistic predictions about the future

• Some studies also show that derogating (devaluing) outgroup members can boost
self-esteem

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17
Q

What is Uncertainty Reduction

A
  • We are motivated to know who we are and how we relate to others – we like to feel relatively certain about things in life.
  • People identify with groups more strongly under times of uncertainty.
  • Identification with groups that are normative, homogenous, intolerant of dissent, and governed by a more ideologically orthodox system.
18
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

• Intergroup biases result from the ways in which we process information about people.

• Social categorization: The classification of people into groups on the basis of various attributes
- • Categorization of race and gender occurs rapidly.

19
Q

Social Categorization

A

• Social categorization adaptive and helpful in processing complex world.

However it can lead to overestimation of between group differences and underestimation of within group differences

20
Q

What can Social Categorization lead to and what is it?

A

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

  • Tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups.
21
Q

Why does the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect occur?

A
  • Often have more contact with ingroup members to notice divergent opinions.
  • We do not treat ingroup members as representative of the whole; we think of it as idiosyncrasies of the individual.
22
Q

What is Biased Information Processing

A

Stereotypes also influence how we communicate, process information and interpret events

e.g. • Participants rated drawings of ambiguous behaviour as more aggressive and less playful when performed by a Black child than White child

23
Q

Define Subtyping

A

Explaining away exceptions to a stereotype by creating a subcategory that differs from the group as a whole.

  • basically: if the stereotype is: black people are not smart.
    if pointed out to smart black person that person will dismiss it as an exception and say that as a whole black people are still not smart
24
Q

What is socialisation?

A

Process by which people learn the norms, rules,

and information of a culture or group.

25
Q

What can media and socialization change and what does it not change?

A

• Intergroup bias influenced by media and socialisation

However, does not alter personal attitudes as much as social norms.

26
Q

What may a Member of a

Stigmatised Group suffer from?

A

Setbacks in health, wealth, employment prospects, and more.

27
Q

What are 3 negative consequences of Biases?

A
  • Negative health outcomes
  • Attributional ambiguity
  • Stereotype threat
28
Q

Negative health outcomes

A

Stigmatised groups tend to experience worse health outcomes than advantaged groups or the majority

Perceived discrimination negatively impacts mental and physical health (even if subtle)

29
Q

Attributional Ambiguity

A

• Stigmatised group members often face dilemma of how to attribute experiences they have

e.g. Someone praises a black student –> that student may not know if that person is just saying that because black people are seen to have low achievement or if the praise is genuine

30
Q

What is wrong with attributing negative feedback to bias in Attributional Ambiguity?

A
  • Stigmatised group members may miss opportunities to improve themselves.
  • Stigmatised group members may feel less sense of control over their lives which may have consequences on health.
31
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Stereotype threat is the fear of being evaluated by or confirming negative stereotypes about one‟s group.

32
Q

What are the impacts of Stereotype Threat

A

• Negatively impact performance in a domain of importance; and

e. g.
- Women performed worse than men on a test they were told tends to reveal gender differences.
- White students performed worse on a math test when reminded of Asians‟ proficiency in math.

• In the long run, lead members of stigmatized groups to disidentify with the domain.

33
Q

Why might Stereotype Threat negatively impact performance?

A
  • By triggering physiological arousal.
  • By getting the individual to suppress thoughts about stereotype, which can drain cognitive resources.
  • Impairs working memory.
34
Q

Is Stereotype Threat real?

A

Recent replications cast uncertainty on effects

  • Possible phenomenon weak or non-existent to begin with.
  • Alternately, it may be that effects have dissipated over time
35
Q

What is Intergroup Contact?

A

• Contact Hypothesis: Positive contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice under certain conditions

conditions include:
• Equal Status
• Common Goals
• Personal Interaction
• Multiple Contacts: Interactions with multiple outgroup members helps avoid subtyping
• Social Norms
36
Q

How does Intergroup Contact reduce intergroup bias?

A
  • Enhancing knowledge about the outgroup.
  • Reducing intergroup anxiety.
  • Increasing perspective taking towards the outgroup.

• Indirect contact can also reduce prejudice
- e.g. • Extended contact
• Virtual contact

37
Q

What is Promoting Counterstereotypes?

A
  • Shown people who they have biases against breaking those rules more often
  • e.g. seeing more and more black professors –> can hinder prejudice that black people are not smart

Can reduce bias at the implicit and sometimes explicit level

38
Q

What are Diversity Ideologies?

A

• Intergroup biases can be reduced by pluralistic ideologies.

e.g.

Ideologies of:

  1. • Colorblindness: Ideology that calls for ignoring group membership and focusing on uniqueness or sameness of all individuals. (not focusing on skin colour and treating everyone the same)
  2. • Multiculturalism: Ideology that calls for the recognition and celebration of group differences.
  3. • Interculturalism: Ideology that calls for intergroup dialogue, development of new mixed forms of identity, and national unity. (newer strategy so negative side effects not yet discovered)
39
Q

What are some issues with the ideology of Colorblindness?

A

Can reduce prejudice, but also lead to more negative

interactions and less minority engagement.

40
Q

What are some issues with the ideology of Multiculturalism?

A

priming multiculturalism can reduce prejudice and

facilitate positive intergroup interactions, but can essentialise groups (lack of individuality).

41
Q

Are biases fixed and unchangable?

A

no, understanding of factors that increase or decrease bias offers hope that we can achieve positive social change in an increasingly globalised world.

PSYC213 (11 decks)

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