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Geography > Topic 4- Uk Physical > Flashcards

Topic 4- Uk Physical Flashcards

1
Q

Igneous rock

A

Lava and deep magma
Granite and basalt
Forms in upland areas - more resistant to erosion

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2
Q

Metamorphic

A

Changed versions of igneous and sedimentary rocks
Slate and schist
Upland areas- very resistant to erosion

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3
Q

Sedimentary

A

Layers
Chalk and limestone
Lowland areas- not as resistant

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4
Q

Fault scarp

A

Layers of rock that has been uplifted by tectonic activity underneath

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5
Q

V shaped valley to U shaped valley

A
  • glacier moves down and plucks and abraded the rocks
  • The glacier increases in size whilst doing so
  • this then deepens and widens the valley
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6
Q

Physical processes (5)

A 
Weathering
Deposition
Slope processes
Tectonic earth movements
Erosion
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7
Q

Freeze thaw weathering

A

When temperature drops below freezing and ice in cracks expand
Creates scree

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8
Q

How has agriculture changed the landscape?

A

Woodland has been cut down for farmers to farm
Advantages- more income from farming which supports local economy
Disadvantages- damage wildlife habitats

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9
Q

How has forestry changed the landscape?

A

Large woodland areas have been cleared
Advantages- timber can be used for manufacturing
Disadvantages- decline in quality of woodland and biodiversity

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10
Q

How has settlements changed the landscape?

A

Building houses
Advantages- people have shelter
Disadvantages- loss of local distinctiveness

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11
Q

Three main processes at the coast

A

Erosion
Transportation
Deposition

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12
Q

How are waves created?

A
  • wind blowing over the surface of the sea
  • this creates friction which produces a swell in the water
  • the energy of the wind causes water particles to rotate and move forward
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13
Q

Constructive waves

A

Low wave
Strong swash
Weak backwash

Created in calm weather
Deposit material

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14
Q

Destructive waves

A

High wave
Weak swash
Strong backwash

Created in storm conditions
Tend to erode the coast

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15
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Air becomes trapped in joints on a cliff face

When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed which weakens the cliff and causes erosion

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16
Q

Abrasion

A

Rock and sand in waves grind the cliff surfaces down

Like sandpaper

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17
Q

Attrition

A

Waves smash rocks and pebbles into each other- smoothens them

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18
Q

Solution

A

Acid in seawater will dissolve some types of rocks.g chalk and limestone

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19
Q

Concordant coastlines

A

Parallel

Form coves

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20
Q

How are coves formed?

A

A resistant layer of rock runs parallel towards the coastline
Erosion processes have created a gap through the rock, exposing the less resistant rock
As waves reach the less resistant rock the cove widens

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21
Q

Discordant coastlines

A

Perpendicular

Forms headlands and bays

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22
Q

How do headlands and bays form?

A

When layers of rock are at right angles to the coast
Wave action erodes the less resistant rock quicker due to hydraulic action and abrasion to produce bays
The more resistant rock is left sticking out as a headland
Wave energy is now concentrated on the headland and the bay becomes sheltered

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23
Q

From a cliff to a stump

A 
Cliff
Crack
Crevice
Cave
Arch
Stack
Stump
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24
Q

Sub Ariel processes

A

Processes that occur at the cliff face

Weathering and mass movements

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25
Mechanical weathering
Freeze thaw weathering
26
Chemical weathering
Acid rain
27
Biological weathering
Roots of growing plants
28
Mass movement
Downslope movement of rocks and soil from the cliff top under the influence of gravity
29
Sediment transported in a wave
Suspension Solution Saltation Traction
30
Suspension
Small particles are carried in water
31
Solution
Minerals are dissolved in sea water and carried in solution (not visible)
32
Saltation
Load is bounced along the seabed | Small pieces of shingle or large sand grains
33
Traction
Pebbles and larger sediment are rolled along the sea bed
34
Formation of spit
Long shore drift Waves lose energy and larger sediment is deposited As deposition continues a spit is formed Finer material is then dropped Spit grows and can form a hook if the wind direction changes
35
Formation of a bar
Longshore drift Lagoon Bar goes across lagoon
36
For action of a tombolo
Longshore drift Creates a pit This carries on till it reaches another island A tombolo is formed
37
Human changes to the coast (5)
``` Settlements Tourism Infrastructure Construction Agriculture ```
38
Why are coastal regions at risk from climate change?
``` Thermal expansion of the oceans Increased frequency and magnitude of storms Land subsidence Post glacial rebound Melting of polar ice sheets ```
39
Management strategy
Thames barrier
40
Coastal protection (6)
``` Sea wall Groynes Beach nourishment Revetments Gabions Rip rap ```
41
Sea wall
A wall built on the edge of the coastline to bounce back water Advantages: helps most areas Disadvantages: expensive Waves remain powerful Hard engineering
42
Groynes
Prevents the movement of beach material along the coast Disadvantages: unattractive Costly to build and maintain Hard engineering
43
Beach nourishment
Sand is dredged from the sea bed and then pumped onto the beach Advantages: absorbs wave energy Relatively inexpensive Negatives:needs to be maintained constantly (due to longshore drift occurring) Soft engineering
44
Revetments
Wooden or rock ramp that lines the coast Advantages: absorbs wave energy Has air gaps which allows the back wash of the wave to drain through Disadvantages: wood will rot Rock is expensive Hard engineering
45
Gabions
Cages of rocks to make a wall along the coast Advantages: absorbs wave energy Disadvantages: lightweight so can be moved in storms Hard engineering
46
Rip Rap
Large boulders positioned along the coastline Advantages: absorbs wave energy Allows the build up of sediment Disadvantages: can be expensive to obtain and transport
47
Integrated coastal zone management
Hold the line - hard and soft engineering Advance the line - reclaim land using hard and soft engineering Managed retreat - use nature Do nothing - allow erosion to happen
48
River processes- transportation
Traction Suspension Saltation Solution
49
Upper course
``` Steep V shaped valley Narrow and shallow Large bed load Inefficient Waterfalls Plunge pool Interlocking Spurs ```
50
Middle course
``` More gentle Wider and deeper Load increases Becoming more efficient Flood plains Meanders ```
51
Lower course
``` Very gentle (almost flat) Widest and deepest part High load Very efficient Large meanders Ox bow lakes Levees ```
52
Meander formation
Water flows faster on the outside Because of hydraulic action and abrasion the outer side gets eroded Deeper channel on outside Shallow channel on inside as the velocity of the water is low This means sediment gets deposited there
53
Oxbow lake formation
Meander Then erosion on the outside bends make the neck narrower During &looks the river takes the shortest course through the neck This part is then cut off and forms an oxbow lake
54
Levee
During flood sediment gets built up around the edge
55
Waterfall
Not soft rock and resistant rock Overhang created from undercutting soft rock Rocks fall due to gravity Plunge pool formed from the large boulders wirling round Steep sided gorge forms as waterfall retreats
56
Infiltration
Water moving into soil
57
Percolation
Water moving into permeable rocks
58
Through flow
Flow of water through soil
59
Ground water flow
Flow of water through the rocks
60
Stem flow
Water flowing down plants to the ground
61
Transpiration
Water loss from plants through pores in the leaves
62
Flashy hydrograph
Short lag time High peak discharge More flooding
63
Subdued hydrograph
Long lag time Low peak discharge Less flooding
64
Case study
River wey
65
Where? CASE STUDY
In Woking - south east of England - in Surrey - north of guildford
66
What? CASE STUDY
Drainage basin in south west of London Tributary with river Thames Source - Alton Mouth- haslmere
67
Urbanisation in Woking
Causes more flooding - ground becomes impermeable = more surface run off - no water can infiltrate through
68
Global climate change CASE STUDY
Change weather patterns - for uk - higher intensity of rainfall Woking is situated where they predict this will happen meaning that there may be more flooding as the discharge of the river increases (Also jet stream)
69
Deforestation CASE STUDY
No more trees = more flooding as the trees cannot intercept the water Due to urbanisation
70
Drainage basin management
Flood wall Embankments Overspill pond Afforestation
71
Hard engineering
``` Flood wall - effective barrier for housing - increases channel capacity - expensive Embankments - stop water from flooding - Increase channel capacity - blends in with environment ```
72
Soft engineering
``` Overspill pond - water can spill out into pond - natural Afforestation - more interception - creates natural habitats ```

Geography (7 decks)

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