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Geography > Topic 4- Uk Physical > Flashcards

Topic 4- Uk Physical Flashcards

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1
Q

Igneous rock

A

Lava and deep magma
Granite and basalt
Forms in upland areas - more resistant to erosion

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2
Q

Metamorphic

A

Changed versions of igneous and sedimentary rocks
Slate and schist
Upland areas- very resistant to erosion

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3
Q

Sedimentary

A

Layers
Chalk and limestone
Lowland areas- not as resistant

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4
Q

Fault scarp

A

Layers of rock that has been uplifted by tectonic activity underneath

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5
Q

V shaped valley to U shaped valley

A
  • glacier moves down and plucks and abraded the rocks
  • The glacier increases in size whilst doing so
  • this then deepens and widens the valley
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6
Q

Physical processes (5)

A 
Weathering
Deposition
Slope processes
Tectonic earth movements
Erosion
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7
Q

Freeze thaw weathering

A

When temperature drops below freezing and ice in cracks expand
Creates scree

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8
Q

How has agriculture changed the landscape?

A

Woodland has been cut down for farmers to farm
Advantages- more income from farming which supports local economy
Disadvantages- damage wildlife habitats

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9
Q

How has forestry changed the landscape?

A

Large woodland areas have been cleared
Advantages- timber can be used for manufacturing
Disadvantages- decline in quality of woodland and biodiversity

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10
Q

How has settlements changed the landscape?

A

Building houses
Advantages- people have shelter
Disadvantages- loss of local distinctiveness

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11
Q

Three main processes at the coast

A

Erosion
Transportation
Deposition

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12
Q

How are waves created?

A
  • wind blowing over the surface of the sea
  • this creates friction which produces a swell in the water
  • the energy of the wind causes water particles to rotate and move forward
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13
Q

Constructive waves

A

Low wave
Strong swash
Weak backwash

Created in calm weather
Deposit material

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14
Q

Destructive waves

A

High wave
Weak swash
Strong backwash

Created in storm conditions
Tend to erode the coast

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15
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Air becomes trapped in joints on a cliff face

When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed which weakens the cliff and causes erosion

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16
Q

Abrasion

A

Rock and sand in waves grind the cliff surfaces down

Like sandpaper

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17
Q

Attrition

A

Waves smash rocks and pebbles into each other- smoothens them

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18
Q

Solution

A

Acid in seawater will dissolve some types of rocks.g chalk and limestone

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19
Q

Concordant coastlines

A

Parallel

Form coves

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20
Q

How are coves formed?

A

A resistant layer of rock runs parallel towards the coastline
Erosion processes have created a gap through the rock, exposing the less resistant rock
As waves reach the less resistant rock the cove widens

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21
Q

Discordant coastlines

A

Perpendicular

Forms headlands and bays

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22
Q

How do headlands and bays form?

A

When layers of rock are at right angles to the coast
Wave action erodes the less resistant rock quicker due to hydraulic action and abrasion to produce bays
The more resistant rock is left sticking out as a headland
Wave energy is now concentrated on the headland and the bay becomes sheltered

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23
Q

From a cliff to a stump

A 
Cliff
Crack
Crevice
Cave
Arch
Stack
Stump
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24
Q

Sub Ariel processes

A

Processes that occur at the cliff face

Weathering and mass movements

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25
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Freeze thaw weathering

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26
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Acid rain

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27
Q

Biological weathering

A

Roots of growing plants

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28
Q

Mass movement

A

Downslope movement of rocks and soil from the cliff top under the influence of gravity

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29
Q

Sediment transported in a wave

A

Suspension
Solution
Saltation
Traction

30
Q

Suspension

A

Small particles are carried in water

31
Q

Solution

A

Minerals are dissolved in sea water and carried in solution (not visible)

32
Q

Saltation

A

Load is bounced along the seabed

Small pieces of shingle or large sand grains

33
Q

Traction

A

Pebbles and larger sediment are rolled along the sea bed

34
Q

Formation of spit

A

Long shore drift
Waves lose energy and larger sediment is deposited
As deposition continues a spit is formed
Finer material is then dropped
Spit grows and can form a hook if the wind direction changes

35
Q

Formation of a bar

A

Longshore drift
Lagoon
Bar goes across lagoon

36
Q

For action of a tombolo

A

Longshore drift
Creates a pit
This carries on till it reaches another island
A tombolo is formed

37
Q

Human changes to the coast (5)

A 
Settlements
Tourism
Infrastructure
Construction
Agriculture
38
Q

Why are coastal regions at risk from climate change?

A 
Thermal expansion of the oceans
Increased frequency and magnitude of storms
Land subsidence
Post glacial rebound
Melting of polar ice sheets
39
Q

Management strategy

A

Thames barrier

40
Q

Coastal protection (6)

A 
Sea wall
Groynes
Beach nourishment
Revetments
Gabions
Rip rap
41
Q

Sea wall

A

A wall built on the edge of the coastline to bounce back water
Advantages: helps most areas
Disadvantages: expensive
Waves remain powerful
Hard engineering

42
Q

Groynes

A

Prevents the movement of beach material along the coast
Disadvantages: unattractive
Costly to build and maintain
Hard engineering

43
Q

Beach nourishment

A

Sand is dredged from the sea bed and then pumped onto the beach
Advantages: absorbs wave energy
Relatively inexpensive
Negatives:needs to be maintained constantly (due to longshore drift occurring)
Soft engineering

44
Q

Revetments

A

Wooden or rock ramp that lines the coast
Advantages: absorbs wave energy
Has air gaps which allows the back wash of the wave to drain through
Disadvantages: wood will rot
Rock is expensive
Hard engineering

45
Q

Gabions

A

Cages of rocks to make a wall along the coast
Advantages: absorbs wave energy
Disadvantages: lightweight so can be moved in storms
Hard engineering

46
Q

Rip Rap

A

Large boulders positioned along the coastline
Advantages: absorbs wave energy
Allows the build up of sediment
Disadvantages: can be expensive to obtain and transport

47
Q

Integrated coastal zone management

A

Hold the line - hard and soft engineering
Advance the line - reclaim land using hard and soft engineering
Managed retreat - use nature
Do nothing - allow erosion to happen

48
Q

River processes- transportation

A

Traction
Suspension
Saltation
Solution

49
Q

Upper course

A 
Steep
V shaped valley
Narrow and shallow
Large bed load
Inefficient
Waterfalls
Plunge pool
Interlocking Spurs
50
Q

Middle course

A 
More gentle
Wider and deeper
Load increases
Becoming more efficient
Flood plains
Meanders
51
Q

Lower course

A 
Very gentle (almost flat)
Widest and deepest part
High load
Very efficient
Large meanders
Ox bow lakes
Levees
52
Q

Meander formation

A

Water flows faster on the outside
Because of hydraulic action and abrasion the outer side gets eroded
Deeper channel on outside
Shallow channel on inside as the velocity of the water is low
This means sediment gets deposited there

53
Q

Oxbow lake formation

A

Meander
Then erosion on the outside bends make the neck narrower
During &looks the river takes the shortest course through the neck
This part is then cut off and forms an oxbow lake

54
Q

Levee

A

During flood sediment gets built up around the edge

55
Q

Waterfall

A

Not soft rock and resistant rock
Overhang created from undercutting soft rock
Rocks fall due to gravity
Plunge pool formed from the large boulders wirling round
Steep sided gorge forms as waterfall retreats

56
Q

Infiltration

A

Water moving into soil

57
Q

Percolation

A

Water moving into permeable rocks

58
Q

Through flow

A

Flow of water through soil

59
Q

Ground water flow

A

Flow of water through the rocks

60
Q

Stem flow

A

Water flowing down plants to the ground

61
Q

Transpiration

A

Water loss from plants through pores in the leaves

62
Q

Flashy hydrograph

A

Short lag time
High peak discharge
More flooding

63
Q

Subdued hydrograph

A

Long lag time
Low peak discharge
Less flooding

64
Q

Case study

A

River wey

65
Q

Where? CASE STUDY

A

In Woking

  • south east of England
  • in Surrey
  • north of guildford
66
Q

What? CASE STUDY

A

Drainage basin in south west of London
Tributary with river Thames
Source - Alton
Mouth- haslmere

67
Q

Urbanisation in Woking

A

Causes more flooding

  • ground becomes impermeable = more surface run off
  • no water can infiltrate through
68
Q

Global climate change CASE STUDY

A

Change weather patterns
- for uk - higher intensity of rainfall
Woking is situated where they predict this will happen meaning that there may be more flooding as the discharge of the river increases
(Also jet stream)

69
Q

Deforestation CASE STUDY

A

No more trees = more flooding as the trees cannot intercept the water
Due to urbanisation

70
Q

Drainage basin management

A

Flood wall
Embankments
Overspill pond
Afforestation

71
Q

Hard engineering

A 
Flood wall
- effective barrier for housing
- increases channel capacity
- expensive
Embankments
- stop water from flooding
- Increase channel capacity
- blends in with environment
72
Q

Soft engineering

A 
Overspill pond
- water can spill out into pond
- natural
Afforestation
- more interception
- creates natural habitats

Geography (7 decks)

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