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Geography Revision > Topic 4: UK Physical > Flashcards

Topic 4: UK Physical Flashcards

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1
Q

How are Igneous rocks formed?

A

They are created by volcanic activity when magma or lava cools, forming rocks made of crystals that are usually hard.

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2
Q

How are Sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Are formed of small particles that have been eroded, transported, and deposited in layers, or from the remains of plants and animals.

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3
Q

What are Metamorphic rocks?

A

They are existing rocks that have been changed by extreme pressure or heat. They are usually comprised of layers or bands of crystals and are very hard.

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4
Q

Identify the weathering type, slope processes and post glacial river processes in upland areas.

A

Freeze that weathering

Dry valleys

Soil creep

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5
Q

Identify the weathering types, slope processes and post glacial processes in low land areas.

A

Chemical weathering

Biological weathering

Dry valleys

Soil creep

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of a destructive wave?

A

Strong backwash

Tall wave height

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7
Q

Which of these describes the fetch?

A

The distance that the wind has to blow over water

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8
Q

Waves crash against rock and compress the air into the cracks. Thos puts pressure on the rock. This happens over and over again until rock breaks off describes.

What is this?

A

Hydraulic action / power

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9
Q

Eroded particles in the water smash into each other and break into smaller fragments. Their edges also get rounded off as they rub together.

What is this?

A

Attrition

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10
Q

Eroded particles in the water scape and rub against rock, removing small bits.

What is this?

A

Abrasion

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11
Q

When water gets trapped between sand and clay along a coastlines the subaerial process of mass movement occurs.

True or False?

A

True

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12
Q

Freeze thaw weathering is an examples of mechanical weathering.

True or False?

A

True

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13
Q

What best describes discordant coastlines?

A

Different rock types

Headland and bays a common feature

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14
Q

Longshore drift moves up the beach in a straight line and travels down the beach in the direction of the prevailing wind.

True or False?

A

False

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15
Q

What is the landform for deposition?

A

Spit

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16
Q

Glacial processes ______ years ago the uplands were under ___m of ice with eroded large corries like Blea Water.

A

a. 12,000

b. 300m

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17
Q

As ice moved through the upland landscape it eroded juge areas to create _-______ ______. These had steep sides, flat bottoms and hanging valleys.

A

U-shaped valley

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18
Q

Name the 3 types of weathering

A

Biological, Chemical, Freeze-thaw

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19
Q

Name the 4 erosion methods

A

Abrasion
Attrition
Hydraulic Action
Solution

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20
Q

What is Chemical Weathering?

A

When chemicals break down rock as a result of a chemical reaction.

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21
Q

During glacial periods (when the climate was colder) the gaps in the chalk froze making it ___________. When seasonal snow melt occurred, it couldn’t infilitrate into the chalk and instead ran over the top and ______ the valleys. Now (it is warmer amd the ground has melted) the water runs underground through the chalk and the rivers can’t be seen.

A

a. Impermeable

b. Eroded

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22
Q

What is soil creep?

A

Soil creep is the slowest of all mass movements. It takes place at a rate of 1-3mm per year in temperature latitudes and 10mm per year in tropical forests.

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23
Q

Soils such as _________ and clay can absorb large amounts of ________ and become saturated - they can move down the slope

A

a. Sandstone

b. Moisture

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24
Q

The UK climate is very ___. Heavy rain can lead to ________. When rivers foood the overflowing water carries sediment and deposits silt on the valley floor forming a flood plain. The floodplain is very fertile. This is important in the lowland areas however in the upland areas the river is eording downwards carving out a V-shape valley.

A

a. Wet

b. Flooding

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25
Q

What is weathering?

A

The breakdown of rock into smaller pieces

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26
Q

What is erosion?

A

The wearing away of rock. During the last glacial period, ice eroded the landscape. Rivers amd the sea now constantly erode the landscape.

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27
Q

What are post-glacial river processes?

A

Melting ice at the end of glacial periods made rivers much bigger than normal with more power to erode the landscape. The ice also left distinctive landforms when it melted.

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28
Q

What do Groynes do?

A

Groynes work to stop longshore drift transporting sediment along the coast amd instead encourage deposition of sediment on beaches. As the beach gets bigger it will be able to absorb wave energy and protect the coadt.

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29
Q

Identify a negative of sea walls.

A

Really expensive

30
Q

How does Beach mourishment reduce erosion?

A

Adding sediment to a beach builds up the beach height.

31
Q

How does slope stabilisation reduce erosion?

A

Drainage channels are built and vegetation improved

32
Q

How does the sea wall reduce erosion?

A

Reflects the wave of energy

33
Q

How do groynes reduce erosion?

A

Traps sediment

34
Q

Benefits of groynes?

A

Prevents longshore drig moving beach material along the coast

35
Q

Benefits of sea walls?

A

Protects cliffs, buildings from erosion

36
Q

Benefits of beach nourishment?

A

Helps reduce the threat of back shore erosion

37
Q

What are the upper course landforms?

A

Waterfalls

V-shapes valleys and interlocking spurs

38
Q

What are the middle course landforms?

A

Meanders

Oxbow lake

39
Q

What are the lower course landorms

A

Floodplain

Levee

Delta

40
Q

What is a meander?

A

A series of curves throught the middle course of a river.

41
Q

What is an oxbow lake?

A

A river in a U-shape

42
Q

What is the river course?

A

The path of a river as it flows downhill.

43
Q

What is the upper course?

A

Closest to the source

44
Q

What is the middle course?

A

Middle part of the river

45
Q

What is the lower course?

A

Closest to the mouth

46
Q

What is the river valley?

A

Rivers form channels and valleys as they flow downhill

47
Q

What is the long profile?

A

Shows you the gradient (steepness)

48
Q

What is the cross profile?

A

The cross section of the river

49
Q

What is discharge?

A

The volume of water flowing in a river measured in m(3)/sec or cumecs

50
Q

Does river discharge increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

51
Q

Does the channel width increase or decrease?

A

Increase

52
Q

Does the channel depth increase or decrease?

A

Increase

53
Q

Does the velocity increase or decrease?

A

Increase

54
Q

Does the sediment load size increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

55
Q

Does the sediment particle shape increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

56
Q

Does the gradient increase or decrease?

A

Increase

57
Q

What are ox-bow lakes formed from?

A

Meanders

58
Q

What are meanders formed by?

A

Erosion and deposition

59
Q

What is lag time?

A

Difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge

60
Q

What is the rising limb?

A

Shows rising water after rainfall

61
Q

What is the falling limb?

A

Shows discharge falling as less water reaches the channel

62
Q

What is the ground water flow?

A

Water level flowing under the surface

63
Q

What human factors affect storm hydrographs

A

Drainage systems

Deforestation

Urbanisation

64
Q

What physical factors affect storm hydrographs

A

Vegeatation

Topography

Rock type

Heavy storms

65
Q

Describe the location of the river Eden

A

North west England

On the Scottish border

West of Lake District in Cumbria

66
Q

Physical factors increasing chance of flooding

A

Wet antecedent conditions

67
Q

Human factors increasing chance of flooding

A

Drainage ditches being dug in the drainage basin

68
Q

What are Embankments? Give one advantage and disadvantage

A

Embankments are high banks that are built slong or near the river banks

A: They stop water from spreading areas where it could cause problems, such as in settlements

D: Flood water may go over the top, then get trapped behind them

69
Q

What are flood walls? Give one advantage and disadvantage

A

Flood walls are artificial harriers built along river hanks

A: They prevent water from spreading into areas of high impact (housing)

D: Expensive to build

70
Q

How are wave cut platforms formed?

A

Waves cause most erosion at the foot of a cliff

This forms a wave cut notch, enlarged as erosion continues

The rock above the notch becomes unstable and eventually collapses

Collapsed material is washed away and a new wave cut notch starts to form

Repeated collapsing results in the cliff retreating

A wave cut platform is what’s left behind

71
Q

How do headlands erode to form caves, arches and stacks?

A

Headlands are usually made of resistant rocks that have weaknesses like cracks

Waves crash into the headlands and enlarge the cracks - mainly by hydraulic power and abrasion

Repeated erosion and enlargement of the cracks causes a cave to form

Continued erosion deepens the cave until it breaks through the headland

Erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting the arch, until it eventually collapses

This forms a stack - an isolated rock that’s separate from the headland

Geography Revision (7 decks)

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