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Edexel Russia - 1917 - 91 - Lenin to Yeltsin > Topic 4 - Social Welfare > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Social Welfare Flashcards

1
Q

What Forces Millions into the Cities

A
  • The end of the Civil War

- Food Shortages

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2
Q

What’s the Housing Situation like in 1917?

A

Poor - There’s not enough houses in the cities for the millions who have flocked into them

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3
Q

How many ppl are unemployed in 1926

A

Over a million

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4
Q

What did the NEP provide to Skilled workers ?

A

Job Security

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5
Q

Typhus in 1918 - 20 kills how many?

How does Lenin Combat this?

A
  • 6m

- Lenin sets up a Campaign: “Either lice kills Socialism or Socialism kills lice”

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6
Q

Soviet Full Employment in What Year?

And how does it come about?

A

1930

  • Rapid Industrialisation of first 5YP
  • Excessive Targets set by govt forces factories to use all labour force possible
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7
Q

4 Negative Impacts of Full Employment?

A

1) Divisions in Workplace; Ppl who had already been working there and the loads who come into the factories
2) Productivity low so managers use long shifts
3) Restrictions on workers changing jobs - Absenteeism becomes a criminal offence in 1939
4) Strain on Housing - ppl sleep in tents or in factories

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8
Q

In 1936, what % of houses had more than one room?

A

Just 6%

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9
Q

WW2 IMPACT:

How much of Stalingrad is destroyed?

How much housing does Leningrad lose?

A
  • 90%

- 1/3

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10
Q

Number of Doctors?

Number of Hospital Beds?

A
  • 1928, 70,000, 1940, 155,000

- 1928, 247,000, 1939, 791,000

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11
Q

What was the Nomenklatura System?

A

State is the employer of the population - party responsible for appointments in all economic enterprise

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12
Q

3 things that Khrushchev does that help the worker

A

1) Pension Scheme expanded and retierement age lowered
2) Minimum wage in 1956
3) Working Week reduced - 48hours, 41 hours

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13
Q

Housing under Khrushchev

A

Quick and cheap ends up looking drap and unfinished but improves significantly under k

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14
Q

Wages rose by ? Between 1967 - 77

A

50%

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15
Q

What was an important feature of Social Stability?

A

The limited gap between the highest paid and the lowest paid workers

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16
Q

By what decade did the number of Females attending higher education match that of males?

A

By the 1980s

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17
Q

What does Brezhnev want the Soviet Population to Experience?

A

The Stability of Developed Socialism

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18
Q

What is the Zhenotdel?

When was it subsequently shut down

A

The Women’s branch of the Communist Party established by the Bolshevik party

In 1930 under Stalin

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19
Q

When was the law for equal men and women pay

A

December 1917

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20
Q

When were postcode divorces legalised

A

1926

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21
Q

What did the Soviet Constitution declare?

A

Drafted in 1918, it declared women and men equal

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22
Q

How many Women fought in the Red Army during the Civil War?

A

Over 70k

23
Q

Increase in Number of female workers?

Why?

A

1928, 3m — 1940, 13m

Collectivisation relied heavily on women labour

Work was now a socialist duty

During WW2, many able-bodied men conscripted and leave work to women

24
Q

How much education had the average child had in 1926

A

2.77 years

24
Q

3 examples of life improving for women under Lenin?

A
  • Soviet Constitution (1918) - Declared women and men equal
  • The Bolshevik Family Code (1918) - Made both abortions and divorce easier
  • December 1917 - Equal pay for men and women
25
Q

3 examples of life NOT improving for women under Lenin

A

1) over 70k serve in Red Army but few held high ranks
2) women generally unskilled and many lost jobs when soldiers returned
3) Famine left women helpless - reflected in rise of prostitution

26
Q

By the 1950s, what os the ‘double burden’ for women

A

They are expected to work AND take care of children

27
Q

What is the ‘Great Retreat’ (1936) and give three features of it

A

Stalin wants to restore importance of traditional family through more conservative measures:

  • Divorce made more expensive
  • Pregnant women guaranteed job security and given lighter work
  • July 1944 - Govt introduces awards for ‘mother-heroines’ who had 10 or more children
28
Q

3 examples of life for women improving under Stalin

A

1) Equality in Army - over 70k in Army
2) Pregnant women guaranteed job security and given lighter work - rewards for children
3) Women in urban areas take better advantage of education - 1940, over 40% of engineering students were female

29
Q

3 examples of life NOT improving for women under Stalin

A

1) Work was now socialist duty - women carried out heavy labour, espescially during WW2
2) 1930, Party close down Zhenotdel, women have no political power
3) Many men don’t return to villages - as late as 1950, all female villages

30
Q

By 1960 Women had reached ?% of the workforce?

A

49

31
Q

When was abortion legalised again ?

A

1955

32
Q

Positive of Women under Khrushchev

Negative of Women under Khrushchev

A
  • Women had much less strain on them - less ‘traditional family values’
  • This meant there was a double-burden as women expected to work
33
Q

Brezhnev introduces a new Family Code in what year?

A

1968

34
Q

2 Positives for Women under Brezhnev

2 Negatives

A
  • Saw a trend of single-family occupancy in houses or flats
  • Now illegal to divorce a women who was pregnant
  • Govt unwilling to sort out problems with alcohol abuse over 1/4th of all deaths in 1980 were related to alcohol
  • Divorce rates remained high - many men grew up without father figures
35
Q

One sentence to describe Lenin’s Labour Market

A

Lenin’s Labour Market became heavily disproportionate by 1926 - only some benefit
- 1m unemployed by 1926
- Nepmen + skilled workers flourish

36
Q

Stats for full employment

A

1928, 11.6m
1937, 27m

37
Q

One sentence to describe full employment under Stalin

A

Impressive Full Employment contrasted with harsh, drab life during 30s - demands of industrialization, ww2, Reconstruction

Material Benefit of full employment was yet to be seen

38
Q

Population increases in Moscow, Leningrad, Magnatosk

A

Moscow - 1929-36 - 2.1m increase
Leningrad - 1926-39 - 1.8m increase
Magnatosk - 29 - 35 - 250k increase

39
Q

In 1936, what % of housing units conssited of more than 1 room ?

A

6%

40
Q

One sentence to describe housing

A

Remained a very low priority - Housing was poor, 1917-53

41
Q

3 social benefits that average soviet worker experienced by 1953

A
  • cheap food and clothes available
  • Healthcare imporved - doctors, 85k more in 1940 than 28
  • Compulsory vaccination system in 1921 to deal with cholera
42
Q

One sentence to describe soviet workers by 1953

A

By 1953, the Soviet Worker was employed, housed and had basic social services, However, life was harsh and rural areas suffered. The promised socialist utopia had yet to be realised

43
Q

When does K declare Soviet pop would finally expereince developed socialism

A

1961

44
Q

What did the Soviet Consituttion in 1977 promise?

A

Guaranteed its citizens full employment

45
Q

What beenfits were epereinced under k in 1956 and 7

A

Minimum wage, 1956
Working Week reduced from 47hours -41hours, 1957

46
Q

How was eduaction viewed under B + K

A

Important as it represented social status - same amount of Girls + Boys continue to higher education in 1980

47
Q

What did the nomenklatura system allow ?

A

ppl to get better jobs - 1953, 6.9m - 17m in 1980

48
Q

How much did wages rise between 1967-77

A

50%

49
Q

What helps the workers under b and k ?

A

By mid 1970s, - wages of rural workers only 10% less than urban
Less diff between best and worst paid helps

50
Q

One sentence to describe life under B and K

A

By 1970s, Majoity of Soviet pop were experiencing benefits from socialsim

51
Q

Satellite states expected more under K and b. Where were there revolts?

A

Hungary, 1956
Czechoslavakia, 1968
Only just avoided in Poland, 1980

52
Q

Where were there food shortages in 1962?

A

Novocherkask - ‘cut up K for sausages’
70 killed

53
Q

What social issues were prevalent under B and K

A

Divorce rate was 34%
20m alcoholics in 1987
Hooliganism in 1970s

Edexel Russia - 1917 - 91 - Lenin to Yeltsin (4 decks)

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