Topic 2 - Agriculture and Industry 1917 - 85 Flashcards
What is the Economy like in 1921?
Economy in Ruin - Post WW1 and Civil War
(War communism)
NEEDS CHANGE
Two Initial Decrees Passed by Lenin and what they did?
The Land Decree (1917): abolishes private ownership; pleases peasants
The Decree on Workers’ Control (1917): Gave control of factories to the industrial Workers
By 1921, industrial production was ony ? of 1913
One - Third
Three Results of War Communism
1) Rationing and Requistioning of Grain: In order to feed the army and towns - outbreaks of violence - Tambov Uprising (‘21) - 50k Red Army and Kronstadt Mutiny (‘21)
2) Nationalism - All industry but under Vesenkha control; Only workplaces with fewer than 10 workers were exempt
3) Private Trading Banned - State was in control; However, they could not satisfy demands so Black Market was rampant
When was the NEP introduced?
March 1921
3 Results of the NEP
1) Peasants could now gain profit on goods and sell all surplus with 10% tax
2) Factories with fewer than 20 workers rednered back to private ownership
3) Bonus used to raise production
Scissors Crisis on 1923?
Major Imbalance between Industrial and Agricultural goods; Major new supply of grain pushed prices lower + industrial goods rising; State Regulation in Dec ‘23
3 reasons for the neccessity of a Command Economy?
1) Would get rid of Nepmen and Kulaks who had gotten richer from the NEP
2) By 1924, Industrial Production was 45% of its 1913 figure
3) Soviet Production figures still far below that of the West
What is Socialism in One Country?
To describe the policy of industrialising the USSR and moving toward socialism by only using the USSR’s resources. Argued by Stalin against Trotsky’s idea of promoting world revolution before industrialising at home.
The First Five-Year Plan - 1928 -32
Rapid Industrialisation ot catch up with the west
- Output of steel, coal and iron increased
- Large Industrial cities - Magnitogrosk had 25 ppl in 1929 - in ‘32, 250k
Consumer goods neglected
White Sea Canal project - employed 180k prisioners of which 10k died
The Second (1933-37) and Third Five Year Plan (1938-WW2)
War forced focus on Heavy Industry:
- Peroid between 1928-41 saw a 17% growth rate
- Successful completion of Projects - Dniper Dam
- Coal (million Tonns) - 1927, 11.7m; 1937, 128m
- Steel (million Tonns) - 1927, 4m; 1937, 17.7
Central planning caused wastage
Housing and Consumer industires suffered
Support in the Country side had weakened becasue of…
The Tambov uprising - 1921
Machine and Tractor Stations:
Government-run centres that supplied farm machinery to the collectives; provided advice on farming techniques and political lectures
What forced the forcible requistioning of Grain
The food shortage in 1928
What happened to peasants who refused to join collectives?
They were labelled ‘class enemies’ and deported to Siberia
By 1932, ? of peasant households had been collectivised
By 1937 ? of peasatn households had been collectivised
62%
93%
3 Results of Collctivisation
Removing Kulaks is dangeorus - most productive class
Slaughtered Animals
WideSpread Famine - Low production mixed with requistioning
How many Animals wer slaughtered during the Famine?
Between 1928 - 33, the amount of cattle halved
How many overall deaths of Kulaks?
5 - 10 million
How many famine related Deaths in 1933 alone
4m
Impact of WW2
Positives:
- Centralisation helped mass mobilisation
- Idustrial production rose impressively if, unevenly, after 1941
- Between 1943 - 45, over 73,000 tanks and 94,000 aircraft produced
Impacts of WW2:
Negatives:
- Most able-bodied men conscripted an animals requisitoned so food production fell
- Grain Output - 1930, 95m tonnes; 1942, 30m tonnes
25m ppl homeless
1,700 towns and over 70k villages destroyed
In 1957, Economic Councils are set up. Waht do these do?
Move Decision Making to Regional Bases - De-centralisation
What was the working week reduced by
From 48 hours to 41 by 1960
