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Stage 2 Psychology > TOPIC 4: SOCIAL INFLUENCE > Flashcards

TOPIC 4: SOCIAL INFLUENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

obedience

A

form of social influence where an individual responds to a direct order, usually from an authority figure

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2
Q

factors that influence obedience

A

proximity to the authority figure, prestige of the authority figure, deindividuation

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3
Q

deindividuation

A

the state of when you become so immersed in the norms of the group that you lose your sense of identity and personal responsibility

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4
Q

compliance

A
  • refers to instances where a person may agree in public with a group of people but the person privately disagrees with the group
  • temporary change of views
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5
Q

internalisation

A

publicly changing behaviour to fit in with the group but also agreeing with them privately

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6
Q

identification

A

occurs when someone conforms to the demands of a given social role in society, no change in internal opinion

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7
Q

why people conform

A

normative social influence (NSI) & informational social influence (ISI)

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8
Q

normative social influence (NSI)

A
  1. when people conform so they aren’t seen as foolish
  2. or because they don’t want to be left out
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9
Q

informational social influence (ISI)

A

when people conform because they have a desire to be right

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10
Q

individual characteristics of conformity

A
  • people who have a lower status in the group are more likely to conform
  • new people in a group are more likely to conform
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11
Q

attitudes

A

an attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs and behaviours towards a particular object, person, issue or event

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12
Q

components of attitudes

A
  • affective component → feeling
  • behavioural component → action
  • cognitive component → thought
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13
Q

factors influencing attitude formation

A
  1. mere exposure
  2. direct & indirect experience
  3. learning
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14
Q

mere exposure

A

by being exposed to an object we may generate a positive feeling towards it

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15
Q

direct & indirect experience

A
  1. direct experience
    1. directly experiencing something effects our emotions and therefore influences forming attitudes
    2. we tend to seek out further information to verify attitudes formed through direct experience
  2. indirect experience
    1. being persuaded based on other people’s experiences
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16
Q

persuasion

A

persuasion is the art of convincing others to change their attitudes or behaviours

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17
Q

routes to persuasion

A
  1. central route to persuasion
  2. peripheral route to persuasion
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18
Q

central route to persuasion

A
  1. persuasion that focuses on the message and requires information processing
  2. example: consequences, contents, statistics, facts
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19
Q

peripheral route to persuasion

A
  1. persuasion that requires minimal levels of thought processing
  2. this route is based on associations with fun/attractive cues
  3. example: catchy songs, images, slogans, models to sell ideas
20
Q

factors influencing attitude change

A
  1. the source
  2. the message
  3. the audience
21
Q

persuasive strategies

A
  1. the norm of reciprocity
  2. door in the face
  3. foot in the door
22
Q

the norm of reciprocity

A
  • giving something so that the person feels obligated to return the favour
  • example: free samples
23
Q

door in the face

A
  • starts with initial large request
  • then after that is denied a smaller request is stated
  • because of the guilt of not accepting the first the person is more inclined to accept the second request
23
Q

foot in the door

A
  • starts with a small request
  • then adds a another/larger one which is more prone to being accepted due to the first being accepted
  • example: would you like fries with that?
24
Q

bidirectional relationship between attitudes and behaviours

A

attitudes can affect behaviours and behaviours can affect attitudes

25
Q

conditions affecting the attitude-behaviour link

A
  1. attitude strength
  2. attitude accessibility
  3. attitude specificity
26
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

cognitive dissonance is a feeling of discomfort experienced when there are conflicts among beliefs or inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviours

27
Q

consistency of attitude-behaviour link

A

attitudes predict behaviours well only for some people and only under some conditions

28
Q

situational pressures

A

elements in the environment that influence behaviour

29
Q

self-monitoring

A
  1. high self-monitors want to fit in and be accepted, so they are likely to persuaded by others
  2. low self-monitors they are not concerned by the opinions of others and therefore their attitude will match their behaviour
30
Q

if the attitude-behaviour link is not consistent

A
  1. mental anguish → example: heightened stress, despair, concern, worry
  2. inability to predict → behaviour based on the measurement of attitudes/inability to perceive attitude after witnessing behaviour
  3. social desirability bias → example: suggesting your attitude aligns with what is socially desirable
31
Q

prejudice

A

prejudice is an attitude that can lead to people being treated differently because of the group they belong to

32
Q

prejudice, discrimination & stereotypes

A
  1. feeling → prejudice
    1. can feel positive or negative towards a group of people
  2. action → discrimination
    1. minority groups (based on age, school, religion, race) can experience discrimination
    2. they are treated differently because of the group they belong to
  3. thought → stereotypes
    1. stereotypes are used to simplify information and generally do not change
    2. stereotypes are only a problem if we do not recognise individual differences within groups
33
Q

why people are prejudiced

A
  1. unintentional bias
  2. exposure
  3. learning
34
Q

unintentional bias

A
  • refers to attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions and decisions in an unconscious way
  • this makes them difficult to control
  • researchers suggest our social behaviour is largely influenced by unconscious associations and judgments
    1. confirmation bias
    1. the tendency to look for information that supports rather than rejects ones preconceptions
      1. attribution bias
    2. the tendency to suggest positive outcomes are attributed to our personal influence and negative outcomes are attributed to external factors outside of our control
35
Q

exposure

A
  • by simply being exposed to a stereotype
  • we may generate a negative feeling (prejudice) towards the group of people
36
Q

the effects of prejudice

A
  1. social stigma
    1. stigma refers to negative attitudes (prejudice) and negative behaviour (discrimination) toward people associated with a particular group
    2. this prejudice and discrimination can be lead to depressive feelings and the lowering of self-esteem
  2. internalisation of other’s evaluations
    1. this is the process of taking on and believing others’ evaluations or opinions of you
    2. this can lead to a ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’ where you start to live up (or down) to the expectations of others
  3. stereotype threat
    1. this is where people feel that they may be a risk to conforming to stereotype and so become anxious about their performance, which ultimately hinders their ability to reach their full potential
37
Q

methods to reduce prejudice

A
  1. explicit forms
    discrimination is now illegal and socially censored
38
Q

strategies for changing attitudes and reducing prejudice

A
  1. education
  2. intergroup contact
  3. direct experience
39
Q

self presentation

A
  • how you present yourself to shape how others view you
  • involves manipulating others’ perceptions of you
  • self-presentation serves three important functions:
    1. facilitate social interaction
    2. enables individuals to get material and social rewards
    3. helps people privately construct identities
40
Q

validation

A
  • online behaviour effects self worth
  • validation comes in the form of likes and comments from others
  • validation of self-concept is achieved by users carefully crafting their online presence by posting images
41
Q

self-concept

A
  • private sense of self
  • builds identity
  • linked to how we believe others to see us
  • three main components:
    1. ideal self → the person you want to be
    2. self image → how you see yourself
    3. self worth → how much you value yourself
42
Q

high and low self-monitors

A
  • high self-monitors
    1. want to fit in and are worried about their image
    2. post on social media more because they need validation
    3. change who they are online so more people will like them
    4. more prone to mental health issues
  • low self-monitors
    1. want to be genuine even if it means being the odd one out
    2. post on social media less because they don’t need validation
43
Q

impression management

A
  • managing yourself to change the way you are perceived by others
  • effects schemas → preconceived beliefs that people use to interpret the world
44
Q

social media

A
  • way for people to connect
  • changed how people function in society
  • positives of social media:
    1. space to work out identity and status
    2. allows exploration of individual identity and self-expression safely
45
Q

mental health in social media

A
  • passive use (simply monitoring others’ posts) → causes depression and lower well-being
  • active use (including posting and interacting with other users) → better well-being and lower levels of depression
  • people become obsessed with how they present themselves on social media
46
Q

ethical concerns with social media

A
  • social media platforms are designed to be manipulative
  • some concerns include:
    1. privacy → social media shares your data
    2. anonymity → identity could be covered

Stage 2 Psychology (2 decks)

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