Topic 4 - Social Changes - Social Security and Employment Flashcards

1
Q

What was Lenin committed to in terms of employment?

A

Marxist theory of work criticised capitalism for not rewarding workers – Lenin committed to full employment for all able-bodied citizens in return for welfare and benefits

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2
Q

Civil War 1918-21 - Positives - What did the declaration of the Right of Tolling and Exploited People say?

A

1918 declaration of the Right of Tolling and Exploited people – abolished private ownership and introduced universal labour duty (capitalists couldn’t live off the work of others simply by owning property)

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3
Q

Civil War 1918-21 - Positives - What was introduced in Sep 1918?

A

Compulsory labour introduced in September 1918 – all able bodied men between ages 16-20 couldn’t refuse employment

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4
Q

Civil War 1918-21 - Positives - How many entitled to ration cards?

A

People in work entitled to work cards for rations and social benefits – 22 million entitled to ration cards

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5
Q

Civil War 1918-21 - Negatives - Unemployment rates

A

Unemployment increased to 100,000 by Oct 1918

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6
Q

Civil War 1918-21 - Negatives - How many metal and chemical workers were unemployed in March 1918?

A

March 1918 – 75% of chemical and metal workers in Petrograd were unemployed

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7
Q

Civil War 1918-21 - Negatives - What happened to urban pop?

A

Full employment unsustainable during CW – urban pop fell by 25%

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8
Q

Lenin - Urban workers - Positives - Benefits

A
  • Great access to social benefits in urban areas – public transport, dining halls, laundry, creches, etc
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9
Q

Lenin - Urban workers - Positives - How many people did gov claim were being regularly fed in food halls?

A

Gov claimed 93% of people living in Moscow were fed regularly in food halls

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10
Q

Lenin - Urban workers - Positives - Insurance

A

Most comprehensive social insurance system in the world

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11
Q

Lenin - Rationing and collectivisation - Negatives - How was the pop divided in terms of rations?

A
  • Pop divided into 6 groups – working class got highest proportion of food – middle classes recieved 25% of the amount that the working classes recieved
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12
Q

Lenin - Rationing and collectivisation - Negatives - Party member privileges

A

Party members received special privileges such as shops where they could get scarce goods

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13
Q

Lenin - Rationing and collectivisation - Negatives - What happened to the peasants?

A

Peasants subject to harsh grain requisitioning and violence of Cheka – also excluded from all benefits

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14
Q

Lenin - NEP - Negatives - What did unemployment rise to?

A

Benefits vanished under NEP – state capitalism brought unemployment – 5.5% in 1921 to 18% in 1924

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15
Q

Lenin - NEP - Negatives - What happened to women employment?

A

Mass women unemployment – in 1922 62.2% of unemployed people were women

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16
Q

Lenin - NEP Negatives - How many administrators sacked?

A

As War Communism ended and NEP started 225,000 administrators were sacked

17
Q

Stalin - What was Stalin’s attitude towards employment and benefits?

A

Stalin used workers as an essential economic resource for industrialisation – aimed to increase productivity and wasn’t focused on benefits or care – control of the workforce meant control of the nation, less opposition, etc

18
Q

Stalin - Industrial workers - Positives - What did rapid industrialisation lead to?

A

Rapid industrialisation led to full employment for men and women in fairly well paid urban jobs – attracted peasants to the cities

19
Q

Stalin - Industrial workers - Positive - How much railway was built and what was the % in passenger traffic rise?

A

30,000 km of railways built in the 1930s – increased access to transport – led to 400% rise in passenger traffic

20
Q

Stalin - Industrial workers - Positive - What happened to the industrial workforce from 1945-50?

A

Industrial workforce increased from 8 million to 12 million between 1950-45 due to returning soldiers

21
Q

Stalin - Healthcare - Positive - What happened to infant mortality rate between 1940-50?

A

Infant mortality rate dropped 50% between 1940-50

22
Q

Stalin - Healthcare - Positive - What happened to the number of doctors between 1947 and 1952?

A

Number of doctors increased by two thirds between 1947 and 1952

23
Q

Stalin - Healthcare - Positive - Vaccines and disease?

A

Vaccines for common diseases such as typhus and malaria were made universally available from 1947 – malaria declined from 1949

24
Q

Stalin - Healthcare - Negative - Why didn’t health of Soviet citizens improve?

A

Expansion of healthcare didn’t improve health of Soviet citizens due to poor housing, lack of food and poverty

25
Stalin - Healthcare - Negative - Party first policy
“Party first policy’ – in a city in Ukraine all members of the party vaccinated against typhoid yet there were still 10,000 cases of malaria amongst the workers in 1932 and 26,000 cases in 1933
26
Stalin - Collectivisation/planned economy - Negative - What did the planned economy fail to do?
Planned economy struggled to provide simple things like soap – canteens had to use rotting food and animal feed due to shortages
27
Stalin - Collectivisation/planned economy - Negative - Peasants
Peasants still excluded from benefits and struggled to find food
28
Stalin - Collectivisation/planned economy - Negative - How much wage did eating in communal canteens cost?
Eating in communal canteens cost half a month’s wage
29
Khrushchev - What did K aim for with benefits and housing?
Khrushchev focused on how much communism had given the people of the USSR - aimed at improving housing for all
30
Khrushchev - Health care - Positive - What happened to the healthcare budget?
Healthcare budget doubled from 1950 to 1959 (22 billion roubles to 44 billion)
31
Khrushchev - Health care - Positive - What happened to the death rate between 1950-1965?
Death rate decreased from 9.7 in 1950 to 7.3 in 1965
32
Khrushchev - Health care - Positive - What happened to infant mortality rate?
Infant mortality rate dropped from 81% in 1950 to 27% in 1965
33
Khrushchev - Health care - Positive - What happened to social benefits?
Reforms in 1961 also improved social benefits for farmers and workers – free lunches in schools, offices and factories as well as free public transport and full healthcare and pension rigths for farmers
34
Khrushchev - VLS - Peasants and women - Negative - What happened to peasants?
VLS failed to increase production of food so peasants still suffered
35
Khrushchev - VLS - Peasants and women - Negative - What happened to women?
- Of the 6400 women recruited in for the VLS in Aug 1958 less than 450 found work in well-paid jobs - Women during VLS subject to abuse and rape
36
Khrushchev - Housing under K - Positive - What happened to urban housing between 1950 and 1965?
Between 1950 and 1965 the amount of urban housing more than doubled
37
Khrushchev - Housing under K - How was there an upgrade on Stalin?
New apartments allowed fam to live in whole block rather than single room apartments - over ten times bigger than Kommunalka houses under Stalin