Topic 2 - Industrial and Agricultural Policy Under Stalin Flashcards

1
Q

What were Stalin’s main policies regarding agriculture and industry?

A

Agricultural - Collectivisation
Industrial - 5 year plans

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2
Q

What were Stalin’s industrial and agricultural aims and how did he want to achieve them?

A
  • Stalin wanted to close the gap between the USSR and the West in terms of industrial and agricultural output
  • To do this in industry, Stalin proposed a series of rapid, centrally directed industrialisation through 5 year plans
  • To do this in agriculture Stalin proposed a system of collectivisation
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3
Q

What was collectivisation?

A

Made up of collective farms - farmers would exchange land, animals, and equipment for wage based on the value of produce sold and number of workdays completed - farms independent from state but would have to meet a quota set by the state and could sell the rest of their surplus (most surplus came from private plots as these quotas were very high)

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4
Q

Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1926?

A

1926 - 50% of grain requisition - Kulaks blamed

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5
Q

Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1927?

A

1927 - Grain crisis threatens industrial progress and Stalin urges collectivisation at the Party Congress

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6
Q

Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1928?

A

1928 - Continued grain shortages - Forced grain requisitioning introduced

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7
Q

Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1929?

A

1929 - NEP ended - extensive use of forced collectivisation - Stalin launches forced collectivisation in Dec and his intention to ‘annihilate’ the kulak class

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8
Q

Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1930?

A

Famine in 1930 - collectivisation paused - peasants allowed to own a small plot of land

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9
Q

Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1931/32?

A

Collectivisation restarted - 2/3rds of of villages collectivised by 1932

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10
Q

Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1932/33?

A

Famine - most bad in Ukraine - around 8 million dead - Stalin blames the Kulaks and declares war on the Kulaks

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11
Q

Collectivisation - dekulakisation

A

Brutal policy - as many as 10 million kulaks removed from their farms - their crime was success in farming - CP removed 10 million of their best farmers - in opposition peasants killed 25-30% of livestock across the USSR - didn’t return to previous levels until 1953

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12
Q

What happened by the time collectivisation finished in 1939?

A
  • 99% of land collectivised
  • Farming run by the state
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13
Q

Flaws of collectivisation

A
  • Stupid high quotas meant peasants handing over almost all of their grain -
  • Party activists who ran many farms had no farming experience
  • The famine of 1932-1933 was one of the worst in Russian history and was started by a man-made drought in 1931 through collectivisation - around 8 million dead at least
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14
Q

Collectivisation conclusions

A
  • While the countryside was successfully collectivised the human cost was massive
  • Stalin’s grip on the countryside increased but the challenges to collectivisation were arguably the most significant opposition during his rule - the policy was at first in line with Communist ideology but this was abandoned through the rise of private plots
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15
Q

How did the peasants view collectivisation

A

Peasants saw collectivisation as a ‘second-serfdom’ and many left the countryside to join the urban workforce

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16
Q

What was the first 5YP?

A

1928-1932

17
Q

Industry - Aims of the first 5YP?

A
  • Heavy industry - Coal, iron, oil, machine building - triple output (80% of total investment)
  • Light industry - consumer goods - double their output
18
Q

Successes of the first 5 year plan (5)

A
  • Electricity production trebled
  • Coal and iron output doubled
  • Steel production increased by ⅓
  • Engineering industry developed increased output of machine tools
  • Finishing a year early claiming great success
19
Q

Weaknesses of the first 5 year plan? (7)

A
  • Very little growth, even a decline, in consumer industries such as house-building and textiles
  • Chemical targets not fulfilled
  • Lack of skilled workers due to poor education
  • Transport not developed sufficiently
  • Chaos - managers desperate to achieve their targets resorted to bribery, false accounting, and illegally taking resources from other factories
  • Set the tone of quantity over quality for the 5 year plans
20
Q

When was the second 5YP?

A

1933-1937

21
Q

Successes of the second 5YP? (6)

A
  • Electricity production continued to grow rapidly
  • Heavy industry benefited from plants set up by the first 5 year plan
  • By 1937 the USSR was virtually self-sufficient in machine working and metal working
  • Transport and communications grew rapidly
  • Chemical industries were growing
  • Some growth in consumer industries EG footwear production and bakeries
22
Q

Weaknesses of the second 5YP? (5)

A
  • Overall consumer goods still lagging well behind industrial goods
  • Oil production did not make the expected advances
  • Issues of quantity over quality remained
  • 5 year plan disrupted by purges
  • Resources increasingly diverted to defence projects
23
Q

When was the third 5YP?

A

1938-1941

24
Q

Successes of the third 5YP? (2)

A
  • Continued growth in heavy industry
  • Defence and armaments grow massively as resources were diverted to them
25
Q

Weaknesses of the third 5YP? (5)

A
  • Third 5 year plan got off to a really bad start with a harsh winter in 1938
  • Continued disruption by the purges
  • Steel output barely grew
  • Fuel crisis when oil production failed to meet its targets
  • Consumer industries took a back seat as defence took centre stage
26
Q

First three 5YPs - Positives (6)

A
  • Massive heavy industry output increase -
  • 4x increase in steel production
  • 6x increase in coal production
  • 3x increase in oil production
  • Soviet state run economy fitted with Communist ideology and outperformed a Great Depression hit West in the 1930s
  • Military much better equipped than before
27
Q

First 3 5YPs conclusions - Negatives (4)

A
  • Quantity over quality and a system based on corruption became the norm as managers feared the consequences of not meeting targets
  • Continual shortage of consumer goods as a result of prioritisation of heavy industry, poor planning and poor production techniques
  • 5YPs required a huge increase in the urban workforce but housing was never built to match this
  • 5YPs failed to end the black market - made worse due to shortage of consumer goods