Topic 2 - Industrial and Agricultural Policy Under Stalin Flashcards
What were Stalin’s main policies regarding agriculture and industry?
Agricultural - Collectivisation
Industrial - 5 year plans
What were Stalin’s industrial and agricultural aims and how did he want to achieve them?
- Stalin wanted to close the gap between the USSR and the West in terms of industrial and agricultural output
- To do this in industry, Stalin proposed a series of rapid, centrally directed industrialisation through 5 year plans
- To do this in agriculture Stalin proposed a system of collectivisation
What was collectivisation?
Made up of collective farms - farmers would exchange land, animals, and equipment for wage based on the value of produce sold and number of workdays completed - farms independent from state but would have to meet a quota set by the state and could sell the rest of their surplus (most surplus came from private plots as these quotas were very high)
Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1926?
1926 - 50% of grain requisition - Kulaks blamed
Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1927?
1927 - Grain crisis threatens industrial progress and Stalin urges collectivisation at the Party Congress
Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1928?
1928 - Continued grain shortages - Forced grain requisitioning introduced
Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1929?
1929 - NEP ended - extensive use of forced collectivisation - Stalin launches forced collectivisation in Dec and his intention to ‘annihilate’ the kulak class
Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1930?
Famine in 1930 - collectivisation paused - peasants allowed to own a small plot of land
Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1931/32?
Collectivisation restarted - 2/3rds of of villages collectivised by 1932
Collectivisation timeline - What happened in 1932/33?
Famine - most bad in Ukraine - around 8 million dead - Stalin blames the Kulaks and declares war on the Kulaks
Collectivisation - dekulakisation
Brutal policy - as many as 10 million kulaks removed from their farms - their crime was success in farming - CP removed 10 million of their best farmers - in opposition peasants killed 25-30% of livestock across the USSR - didn’t return to previous levels until 1953
What happened by the time collectivisation finished in 1939?
- 99% of land collectivised
- Farming run by the state
Flaws of collectivisation
- Stupid high quotas meant peasants handing over almost all of their grain -
- Party activists who ran many farms had no farming experience
- The famine of 1932-1933 was one of the worst in Russian history and was started by a man-made drought in 1931 through collectivisation - around 8 million dead at least
Collectivisation conclusions
- While the countryside was successfully collectivised the human cost was massive
- Stalin’s grip on the countryside increased but the challenges to collectivisation were arguably the most significant opposition during his rule - the policy was at first in line with Communist ideology but this was abandoned through the rise of private plots
How did the peasants view collectivisation
Peasants saw collectivisation as a ‘second-serfdom’ and many left the countryside to join the urban workforce