Topic 4: Personality Disorders & Mood Flashcards
What is the DSM-IV?
A classification of 5 categories for personality disorders.
What is axis I of the DSM-IV?
Clinical Psychological Disorders.
What is axis II of the DSM-IV?
Personality Disorders + Intellectual Disabilities. (These could worsen the axis I disorder prognosis).
What is axis III of the DSM-IV?
Medical conditions and physical disorders. E.g., this could mean that they are not able to have certain medication.
What is axis IV of the DSM-IV?
Psychosocial and environmental factors.
What is axis V of the DSM-IV?
Functional level. (Looking at their capabilities of working/looking after themselves).
What did DSM 5 (2013) group together?
Grouped 1-3 together to remove the qualitative distinction between personality disorders and other psychological disorders.
Since the DSM 5 (2013) groups together axis 1-3, what does this do?
Grouping 1-3 together means that it removes the qualitative distinction between personality disorders and other psychological disorders. This recognises all the disorders as clinical disorders and are worth of specific focus for treatment within their own right.
What is the justification for the DSM-IV for putting Personality Disorder on its own axis?
Increase the clinical/research attention as it was very important. They generally tend to be less understood/historically have been less researched.
What is the definition of personality disorders? (5 characteristics)
Enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour.
Deviations from cultural expectations.
Experiences and behaviours are pervasive (influence many aspects of life) and inflexible (stable and unchanging).
They cause distress/impairment.
They are not due to another disorder e.g., drugs/intoxication etc.
What type of disorders are cluster A?
Odd/eccentric disorders.
What are examples of Cluster A personality disorders?
Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal.
What type of disorders are cluster B?
Dramatic/emotional or erratic disorders.
What are examples of disorders that are in cluster B?
Antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic.
(emotional, dramatic or erratic disorders)
What are cluster C disorders?
Anxious/fearful disorders.
What are examples of cluster C disorders?
Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive.
What did Haslam (2007) suggest about personality disorders?
Co-occurrence of PDs is common. Many people meet the criteria for multiple at any one time. This can be within clusters or across clusters.
What did Lofti et al., (2018) suggest about personality disorders?
Highly questionable validity and utility of diagnostic groups. Because there is overlap between what individuals can experience.
What is paranoid PD? (A)
Paranoia; mistrust of others; has irrational suspicions. Extreme mistrust in other people with lack of evidence.
Pre-occupied with doubts; reluctance to confide; misinterprets innocent remarks, and holds grudges against people. Misperception that innocent things are actually attacks on them personally.
What is Schizoid PD? (A)
Detachment from interpersonal relationships; emotional coldness; indifference to praise/criticism of others.
Has few friends; chooses solitary activities. Does not necessarily need social engagement.
What is Schizotypal PD? (A)
Distortions in thinking, feelings and perceptions
e.g. ideas of reference, magical thinking, perceptual illusions. → Positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
There may be phantom pains/misperceptions of touch.
Discomfort in social situations; suspicions and paranoia.
Is cluster A or cluster B more diverse?
Cluster B is more diverse.
What is antisocial (dissocial) PD? (B)
Lack of empathy and remorse; disregard for others.
Failure to conform to norms/laws; impulsivity; deceitfulness; irresponsibility, and disregard for safety of self/others.
Increased risk of getting into trouble with the law.
What is histrionic PD? (B)
Excessive need for approval; need to be centre of attention. Shallow/over-dramatic emotions; sees relationships as more intimate than they are. Misinterpretation of relationships.
(almost the opposite of antisocial PD)