Topic 4: Neuroanatomy

Question 1

sensory and motor plane

Answer 1

dorso-lateral arrangement, the more dorsal, the more dorsal the location

Question 2

cerebral cortex plane

Answer 2

rostral-caudal arrangement, the more rostral, the higher order the function (occipitals most basic visual processing)

Question 3

hemispheric plane arrangement

Answer 3

the nervous system developed medially to laterally, primitive parts cerebellum, middle level limbic, and outer level neocortex (which is specifically grey matter layer with 6 layers)

the most medial parts sub-cortically, each hemisphere mirrors the other side, at higher more lateral levels, the hemispheres lateralise and specialized

Question 4

coronal/transverse/frontal
saggittal
horizontal plane

Answer 4

mask
mid saggittal b/w eyebrows
horizontal

Question 5

neuron

nerve
tract/projection

nuclei
ganglia

Answer 5

neuron - soma axon and dendrite single guy

nerve - a set of axons in PNS
tract/projection - a set of axons in CNS

nuclei - cluster of neuron cell body’s in CNS
ganglia - cluster of neuron cell body’s in PNS

Question 6

white v grey matter

Answer 6

white - axons tract/project (myelinated - fatty)

grey - cell body’s (nuclei/ganglia)

Question 7

PNS break down

Answer 7

SOMATIC and AUTONOMIC

AUTONOMIC - PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC

cranial nerves go from brain to head nerves (not via spine) 12 (roman numerals used). These have attachment points from the mid-brain medulla cerebellum and upper spinal chord.

some are;
olfactory
optic
occulamotor
troclear (eye move)
trigerminal (facial muscles)
facial (taste, expressions, crying, blood vessels)
vagus (linked to parasympathetic system and heart stomach etc systems)

Question 8

Sympathetic NS (whats the main NT?)

Answer 8

nor-epinephrine
fight flight
ACh also activated (sweat glands)

Question 9

parasympathetic NS (whats the main NT?)

Answer 9

rest digest

ACh mainly used here (but some use in sympathetic)

Question 10

sympathetic and para working together

Answer 10

vagal break - heart rate slowed while
nausea and vomiting
sexual arousal

Question 11

4 spine sections (Cuddle the lower section)

and what is a dematome?

Answer 11

cervical C1-C8
thoracic T1- T12
lumbar l1-L5
sacral S1-S5

dermatome: A dermatome is an area of skin that’s supplied by a single spinal nerve. each dermatome represents sensory and motor info that travels to and from that part of the body.

Question 12

spinal chord anatomy break down

Answer 12

grey matter is the inner butterfly part, white on the outside (protect cell bodies)
descending efferent motor information is ventral, ascending afferent sensory is dorsal

dorsal root ganglion important for pain perception

Question 13

spinal chord injury

autonomic dys-reflexia

Answer 13

can be total or partial sensory and motor
autonomic can still work - autonomic dys-reflexia, the sympathetic NS sends blood pressure, which is detected by the cranial nerve (vagus nerve), causing a very painful headache, the brain tries to calm things down

Question 14

prosenchaphalon

Answer 14

forebrain (most of it)

splits into the telencephalon (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia)

and the diancephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus epithalamus and subthalamus)

Question 15

medulla oblongata

Answer 15

could be considered spinal chord extention
cranial nerves connect here where other body nerves connect in the spinal chord

-breathing
heart rate
vomiting 
salilvation
coughng
sneezing

lots of opiate receptors here (which is why opiate suppress breathing and heart rate)

“decussation”
contrilateral crossover happens at the pyramids

Question 16

rhombencephalon

parts and function of the pons, cerebellum

Answer 16

hindbrain (base)
medulla oblongata
pons
cerebellum

breaks into the metancephalon -top of 4th V
pons and cerebellum
PONS: sleep consciousness and autonomic arousal; contains RETICULAR FORMATION (sleep and wake - damage + coma) as well as being an oblong that goes through midbrain contains
LOCUS CEREULEOS (blue spot) creates norephinephrine; vigilance attention and ADHD and PTSD
contains cranial nerve nuclei
bridge of brain-stem to cerebellum (cerebellum peduncles

CEREBELLUM (little brain)
movement balance coordination ALSO judgment of movement, fine movement , smooth coordination, motor learning, switching b/w visual and auditory info damage = slow and uncoordinated, first effected by alcohol

and myelencephanlon
medulla oblongata

and below this is the spinal chord

Question 17

mesancephalon and parts and function of the midbrain

Answer 17

Mid-brain!
around aqueduct is periaquaductal grey (primitive movements e.g. mating and fighting species basics, pain)
includes tectum (roof); superior (visual movement e.g. blind-sight
and inferior culliculor (audition -orient to sudden noise)

and tegmentum (covering), she says substantia nigra (dopamine)

and cerebral peduncles (has substantia niagra)

reticular formation net like structure, forms the base of the brain stem, goes throughout, a long oblong (arousal and sleep). damage = coma

red nuclus, motor information passage from spinal chord up to thalamus etc

Question 18

hippocampus

Answer 18

“seahorse”
attached to the long spiral of the cingulate gyrus(which at the other end connects to the olfactory bulb)
the hippocampus sits ‘ontop’ (within)the cradling arm connecting to the fornix which spirals in more sharply than the cing. and surrounds the thalamus

memory and spatial memory location
makes WORKING MEM into LONG TERM MEM to be stored into the cortex
also spatial

the filing guy!

Question 19

limbic system

Answer 19

“limbus” = border
border around the brainstem/midbrain/mesancephalon
MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

• hippocampus (memory)
• amygdala (anger fear)
• cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex
• mamilliary body

these are not parts but work closely with limbic;

• olfactory bulb
• hypothalamus
• thalamus

Question 20

-amygdala

Answer 20

evaluating emotional information eg fear anger

acquiring and forming classically conditions
sexual arousal

empathy (small =sociopath)

at the end of the caudate nucleus which connect to the putamen (bowl) part of the basal ganglia

Question 21

thalamus

Answer 21

“inner chamber” it is the inner most part of the forebrain

it forms the diancephalon which sits around the 3rd ventricle, under the basal ganglia(along with the hypo-thal, epithal, subthal and pineal gland)

forming the second part of the forebrain along with the rest (telancephalon)

2 small avocados, connected by the masa intermedia (some people born without!)

it brings in sensory info and transmits it to the right parts of the cerebral cortex (ALL goes through here except olfaction)

the cerebral cortex communicates back to the thalamus, controlling prolonged attending or focus to certain stimuli

PARTS OF THALAMUS
lateral genitculate body/nucleus LGN (visual)
Pulvinar nucleus (visual movements blindsight)

Question 22

hypothalamus

Answer 22

ventral to thalamus
dorsal of pituitory

TRIGGERS FIGHT FLIGHT
releaseing or inhibiting hormones go to endocrine
feeding drinking sexual fight flight temp activity level and sleep wake cycles FFFF

distinct nuclei for emotion and motivation

nerves conducting messaages and hormone realse conveys messages tot he pituitary gland (HPA axis)

feeding drinking sexual fight flight temp activity level

Question 23

basal ganglia

made up of

c
p
g

Answer 23

lateral of the thalamus
weridly named ganglia like PNS

made up of
striata;
caudate nucleus
putamen

and globus pallidus (medial and lateral)

movement, implicated in huntingtons and parkinsons
learnt skills and habits, automatic movements (driving without thinking) and judgements

basal ganglia is part of the dopaminergic pathways, nigrostriatal pathway (hence dopamine and parkinsons!)

Question 24

CSF

Answer 24

CHOROID PLEXUS
filtered arterial blood, around the brain and in ventricles, reducing pressure, cushion, transports hormones, removes waste, involved also in metabolic processes

produced by the choroid plexus (on tissue that protrudes into the ventricles, high blood flow to these areas)

the CSF circulates through ventricles, then passed into subarachnoid space and then into blood stream via the superior saggital sinus vessel

400-500ml produced per day

hyrocephalis - build up because a) too much made b) ventricles blocked or 3) not draining into blood

Question 25

development of the brain

Answer 25

a hollow neural tube
elongates

250’000 neurons per minute, migrating by radial glia (that become astrocytes)

the structure is determined by both genotype and experiences during development

they grow out towards the pia matar

neurons that dont have synaptic connection afectosis (die) then get pruned after birth

3 stages of embryonic dev

• 1thickening of ectoderm (outer layer of embryo) to form a plate (day 15)
• 2plate curls inwards to form neural tube the neural group breaks off to become PNS ganglia
• 3 ends of tube closes over. rostral end forms 3 chambers (ventricles) which eventually the prosencephalon (telencephalon and diancephalon), mesancephalon and rhombencephalon (meta(after)ncephalon and myelenchephalon -furthurst down spinal chord) form around, caudal end forms spinal chord

there is still some neuro-gensis in hippocampus during learning and olfactory

Question 26

ventricles`

Answer 26

left and right 1 and 2 some made before get here then flows to -

3rd (where more is produced)

cererbral aquaduct

4th ventricule (more choroid plexus, more CSF produced)
 then into sub a space

Question 27

what makes us smarter

Answer 27

more wrinkles
more in the frontal
bigger animals have bigger but also bigger neurons themselves
more neurons per unit volume

Question 28

laminae

Answer 28

parallel layers of cell bodies separated by layers of fibers

Question 29

columns

Answer 29

overparticular to the cerebral outer layer and the laminae, runs of neurons (not actually that strait always)

Question 30

cortex latin

Answer 30

bark (outer)

Question 31

lobes and functions

Answer 31

frontal
prefrontal abstract thinking impulse control working memory social planning, Broca’s (speech generation)
motor frontal

parietal lobe somatosensory touch pain temp spatial orientation and no verbal thinking
first gyrus post central culcus sense and pre-motor, further back parietal non verbal reasoning and spatial

occipital
visual
PVC

temporal lobe
audition and language processing Wernicke’s area (comprehension of speech)

Question 32

primary secondary and tertiary areas

Answer 32

primary areas basic input
secondary areas - more higher order
tertiary - integration of multiple senses

primary visual cortex longitudinal gyri down middle
2nd; visual association cortex is around it

primary auditory cortex most inferior gyri
auditory association cortex gyri superior

primary somatosensory (postgyrus)
somatosensory association cortex behind

frontal lobe
primary motor cortex (pregyrus)
2ndrypremotor cortex is rostral of that
3rdry forward more still (towards prefrontal cortex)

Question 33

fibers of the cortex

Answer 33

commisural connect L to R hemi’s
anterior commisure
posterior commisure
corpus callosum

projection fibres dorsal to ventral
higher areas to lower eg cortex to spinal chord

association fibres connect parts of the same hemisphere together e.g. the fornix (hippo to frontal etc)

Question 34

mamilliary bodies

fornix

Answer 34

the fornix connects the hippo to frontal parts
assoc. memory

ends in mamilliary bodies (looks like boobies) damage korsakoffs syndrome (B1 deficiency e.g. alcoholism) causes memory ish
these are on the inner part of the fornix loop. the fornix is medial to the basal gangliaand wraps off the thalamus

Question 35

cingulate gyrus/cortex

Answer 35

anterior - emotional output regulation decision making and judgments, pain perception, embodied cognition, converts sensory input into experiential output

posterior - daydreaming, default mode network, and autobiographical memories emotions

Question 36

choroid plexus

Answer 36

converts blood into CSF

The choroid plexus resides in the innermost layer of the meninges (pia mater) which is in close contact with the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. It is a highly organized tissue that lines all the ventricles of the brain except the frontal/occipital horn of the lateral ventricles and the cerebral aqueduct.

There is a choroid plexus in each of the four ventricles of the brain. In the lateral ventricles, it is only present in the inferior horn.
Choroid plexus is also located in the interventricular foramina, the channels between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle. The choroid plexus in the fourth ventricle is beneath the cerebellum.

Question 37

meninges

Answer 37

The meninges cover the brain and spinal chord

made of
-dura mater tough outer layer
-arachnoid layer - spider web like net, subarachniod space is where CSF is
pia matar - hugs the surface of the brain

Question 38

BBB

Answer 38

We now know the key structure of the blood–brain barrier that offers a barrier is the “endothelial tight junction”. Endothelial cells line the interior of all blood vessels. In the capillaries that form the blood–brain barrier, endothelial cells are wedged extremely close to each other, forming so-called tight junctions.

The tight gap allows only small molecules, fat-soluble molecules, and some gases to pass freely through the capillary wall and into brain tissue. Some larger molecules, such as glucose, can gain entry through transporter proteins, which act like special doors that open only for particular molecules.