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Biology > Topic 4 - Natural Selection and Genetic Modification > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Natural Selection and Genetic Modification Flashcards

1
Q

What does natural selection effectively mean?

A

Survival of the fittest

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2
Q

How is bacteria proof of evolution?

A

Bacteria develops random mutations which make it antibiotic resistant, the alleles are passed onto the offspring which leads to antibiotic resistant bacteria more common

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3
Q

How can we arrange fossils to provide evidence for evolution?

A

Chronologically

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4
Q

Why does arranging fossils chronologically provide evidence for evolution?

A

As the fossils become more recent we can identify the gradual changes in the organisms and this shos how species have developed and changed over millions of years

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5
Q

Who came up with the theory of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

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6
Q

What was Darwin’s voyage named?

A

HMS Beagle

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7
Q

What did Darwin discover on his voyage?

A

That there was varition in members of the same species and that cthose with haracteristics most suited to the environment were most likely to survive

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8
Q

What was the name of his book?

A

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

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9
Q

Who was the other scientist working on the theory of evolution at the same time as Darwin?

A

Alfred Wallace

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10
Q

What was one thing that Wallace identified in his discoveries?

A

He realised that warning colours were used by some species to deter predators from eating them

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11
Q

What are the names of the three fossils you need to know?

A

Ardi, Lucy and Leakey

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12
Q

How many years ago was Ardi the fossil?

A

4.4 million years old

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13
Q

How many years ago was Lucy the fossil?

A

3.2 million years old

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14
Q

How many years ago was Leakey the fossil?

A

1.6 million years old

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15
Q

What were the 3 main features identified in Ardi?

A
  • Ape-like big toe to grasp branches
  • Long arms and short legs
  • Small brian size
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16
Q

What were the 3 main features identified in Lucy?

A
  • Arched feet, no ape-like big toe
  • Equally sized arms and legs
  • Medium sized brain
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17
Q

What were the 3 main features identified in Leakey?

A
  • Arched human-like feet
  • Short arms and long legs
  • Large brain (almost human size)
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18
Q

Which fossil structures were identified to be the most efficient and least efficient at walking upright?

A

Leakey (most)
Ardi (least)

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19
Q

How does the development of stone tools provide evidence for evolution?

A

It shows that their brains were getting larger as the stone tools were becoming far more complex

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20
Q

What is the most recent homo species?

A

Homo sapiens

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21
Q

What is the most old homo species?

A

Homo habilis

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22
Q

What were the three ways that scientists could identidy how old a fossil or stone tool was?

A
  • Analysing structural features
  • Stratigraphy
  • Carbon dating
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23
Q

What did stratigraphy involve doing?

A

Studying rock layers

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24
Q

How does the pentedactyl limb provide evidence for evolution?

A

It provides evidence that species with a pentedactyl limb all evolved from a common ancestor

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25
What does a pentedactyl limb have?
5 digits
26
What is classification?
Organising living organisms into groups
27
What are the five kingdoms for living organisms?
Animals Plants Fungi Prokaryotes Protists
28
What are prokaryotes defined as?
Single celled organisms with no nucleus
29
What are protists defined as?
Eukaryotic single celled organisms with a nucleus
30
What are the five kingdoms subdivided into? (There's 6 things)
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
31
Before organisms are split into the 5 kingdoms, what 3 groups are they placed in first?
Archea Bacteria Eukarya
32
What is selective breeding?
When humans artificially select the plants or animals that are going to breed so that specific characteristics remain in the population
33
What are the two main businesses selective breeding happens?
Agriculture and Medical research
34
How is selective breeding useful in agriculture?
A farmer can select animals and plants with favourable characterisits and breed them together so their offspring is the best possible organism
35
How is selective breeding useful in medical research?
To see the differences in organism's preferences to certain substances
36
What are the two disadvantages to selective breeding?
- Inbreeding - Lack of disease resistant alleles
37
What is inbreeding?
Where two members of a closely related group breed with eachother
38
What can inbreeding cause?
Harmful genetic defects
39
Why is a lack of disease resisitant alleles dangerous to the whole population?
Because if one organism is effected by the disease, the entire population is also likely to be effected because they all have similar or identical genetic material
40
What does tissue culture involve?
Growing cells on an artificial growth medium
41
What are he three positives of tissue culture?
It can grow organisms very quickly, in little space and all year round
42
What is the first step of plant tissue culture?
Choose the plant wanted for cloning based on it's characteristics
43
What is the second step of plant tissue culture?
Remove several pieces of tissue from the parent plant's roots or shoots
44
What is the third step of plant tissue culture?
Grow the tissue in a growth medium containing nutrients and growth hormones under sterile conditions
45
What is the fourth step of plant tissue culture?
As the tissues produce roots and shoots they are placed in potting composts to carry on growing
46
Why can tissue culture be useful in medical research?
It means we can look at the effects of certain environments on the cells of a single tissue
47
What is the first step of animal tissue culture?
Extract cells from animal of choice
48
What is the second step of animal tissue culture?
Separate animal cells using enzymes
49
What is the third step of animal tissue culture?
Placed in a vessel and bathed in a growth medium
50
What is the fourth step of animal tissue culture?
cells can be split up again and placed in separate vessels for further growth
51
What does genetic engineering involve?
Modifying an organisms genome to introduce desirable characteristics
52
What are the two main enzymes used in genetic engineering?
Restriction enzymes and ligase enzymes
53
What do restriction enzymes do?
Recognises sequences of DNA and cuts the DNA at these points
54
What do ligase enzymes do?
They join two pieces of DNA together at their sticky ends
55
What is the first step of genetic engineering?
The DNA that you want to insert is cut out with a restriction enzyme
56
What is the second step of genetic engineering?
The vector DNA is cut out using the same restriction enzyme as in step one
57
What is the third step of genetic engineering?
The sticky ends are mixed together with ligase enzymes
58
What is the fourth step of genetic engineering?
The ligase join the pieces of DNA together to make recombinant DNA
59
What is the fifth step of genetic engineering?
The recombinant DNA is inserted into other cells
60
What is the concern about using genetic engineering on animals?
We don't know what effects changing their genome could possibly have

Biology (5 decks)

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