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Biology > Topic 3 - Genetics > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Involves the fusion of male and female gametes produced by meiosis

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes contain?

A

Half the amount of a normal cell

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3
Q

When a male and female gamete fuse together to fertilise what is initially produced?

A

Zygote

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4
Q

What does the zygote develop into?

A

Embryo

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5
Q

How does a zygote turn into an embryo?

A

Through cell division

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6
Q

What are the three main differences between meiosis and mitosis?

A

1.Meiosis doesn’t produce genetically identical cells
2. Meiosis produces four daughter cells instead of two
3. Meiosis only happens in the reproductive organs

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7
Q

How many divisions are there in meiosis?

A

Two

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8
Q

What happens before the cell starts to divide during meiosis?

A

DNA is duplicated so there is enough for each new cell

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9
Q

What are the two stages that happen during the first division in meiosis?

A
  1. Chromosomes line up in pairs in the centre of cell
  2. The pairs are pulled apart
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10
Q

Why are the pairs of chromosomes pulled apart during meiosis?

A

So each new daughter cell has a copy of each chromosome from the father and the mother

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11
Q

What are the two stages that happen during the second division in meiosis?

A
  1. Chromosomes line up in pairs in the centre of cell
  2. The pairs are pulled apart
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12
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A

Sexual and Asexual

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12
Q

What type of cell division happens during asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

What type of cell division happens during sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

What are the 2 advantages of asexual reproduction and why are they good?

A
  • Produces lots of offspring very quickly so organisms can colonise an area quickly and efficiently
  • Only one parent is needed so organisms can reproduce whenever conditions are favourable preventing them from needing a mate
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15
Q

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction and why is it good?

A
  • Creates genetic variation so different individuals have different characteristics
  • Means if the environment becomes unfavourable only certain numbers of offspring will be affected
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16
Q

What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction and why is it bad?

A
  • There is no genetic variation between offspring
  • Means if the environment changes and conditions become unfavourable, the whole population can be affected
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17
Q

What are the 2 disadvantages of sexual reproduction and why are they bad?

A
  • Requires more time and energy which means that organisms can produce fewer offspring in their lifetime
  • Two parents are required so if individuals are isolated, no offspring can be produced
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18
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Nucleotides

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19
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

A sugar, a phosphate group and one base

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20
Q

What are the four different bases that join to each sugar?

A

A T C G

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21
Q

Which bases match with each other?

A

A and T
C and G

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21
Q

What shape are two strands coiled together in DNA molecules?

A

Double helix shape

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22
Q

What is DNA stored as and what does it contian?

A

Chromosomes and it contains genes

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23
What is a gene?
A section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular protein
24
What does DNA control?
The production of proteins (protein synthesis) in a cell
25
What are proteins made up of?
Chains of molecules called amino acids
26
What does the amino acid do to give each protein a different shape?
Folds up
27
Why is it important that proteins have their own specific shape?
So they can have different functions
28
What is a base triplet?
A sequence of three bases in a gene
29
Why does each gene have a different sequance of bases?
Allows it to code for a particular protein
30
What is a non-coding region of DNA?
A region that doesn't code for any amino acids
31
What makes up an organisms genome?
ALL of it's DNA
32
How can genetic variants arise?
Mutations
33
What is a mutation?
A rare but random change to an organisms DNA base sequence
34
Can mutations be inherited?
YES
35
What are the two stages of protein synthesis?
Transcription and translation
36
What is the first step during transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to a region of non-coding DNA in front of a gene
37
What is the second step during transcription?
The two DNA strands unzip and the RNA polymerase moves along the one of the strands of the DNA
38
What is the third step during transcription and what does the base pairing ensure here?
It uses coding DNA in the gene as a template to make the mRNA. The base pairing between the DNA and RNA ensures the the mRNA is complementalry to the gene
39
What is the last step during transcription?
Once made, the mRNA molecule moves out of the nucleus and joins with a ribosome
40
What is the first step during translation?
Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by another RNA molecule called tRNA
41
What is the second step during translation?
The order in which the amino acids are brought to the ribosome matches the order of the base triplets in mRNA
42
What is the last step during translation?
The amino acids are joined together by the ribosome which creates a protein
42
What is the third step during translation and what does the codon and anti codon paring do?
Part of the tRNA is called an anticodon and it is complementary to the codon for the amino acid and this pairing makes sure that amino acids are brought to the ribosome in the correct order
43
What is a base triplet in mRNA called?
A codon
44
Non-coding DNA affects the _____ of RNA polymerase, what's the missing word?
Binding
45
What will affect how much mRNA is transcribed?
How well the RNA polymerase can bind to this region of DNA
46
What are the two hereditary units?
Dominant and recessive
47
What was Gregor Mendel's primary finding?
That charecteristics in plants were passed on from one generation to the next
48
What are alleles?
Different versions of the same gene
49
If a gene has two alleles for a particular gene that are the same, what is that trait classified as?
Homozygous
50
If a gene has two alleles for a particular gene that are different, what is that trait classified as?
Heterozygous
51
What is a phenotype?
A particular set of characteristics in an organism
52
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism
53
What do alleles determine?
Phenotypes
54
What set of chromosomes do males have?
XY chromosomes
55
What set of chomosomes do femals have?
XX chromosomes
56
What does gender determintation depend on in humans?
Wether the sperm from the male carries an X or Y chromosome
57
What is cystic fibrosis?
Genetic disorder of the cell membranes
58
How does a characteristic become sex-linked?
If it is located on the the sex chromosome
59
What is an example of a sex-linked disorder?
Colour blindness
60
How is colour blindness caused?
A faulty allele on the X chromosome
61
What are the four human blood groups?
A, O, B, AB
62
What are the three different alleles in the gene for blood types?
I^o I^A I^B
63
Which blood types alleles are codominant?
I^A and I^B
64
If a person has both dominant blood type alleles what blood type will they have?
AB
65
If a person has one dominant and one recessive blood type allele what blood type do they have?
Either A or B depending on which dominant allele is present
66
If a person has both recessive blood type alleles what blood type will they have?
O
67
What are the two different types of variation?
Genetic and environmental
68
What is genetic variation caused by?
Caused by organisms having different alleles
69
What is environmental variation caused by?
The conditions in which organisms live
70
What are the three madical applications of the Human Genome Project?
- Prediction and prevention of diseases - Testing and treatment for inhereted disorders - Modern and more effective medicines
71
What are the three drawbacks of the Human Genome Project?
- Constant stress over minor problems - Less enthusiastic to have children as fearful they may pass on a disorder - Discrimination from insurers if there is a likelihood of a serious disease
72
Why would insurers not be happy with providing life insurance to people with upcoming disorders?
There is a higher chance of the insurer having to pay lots of money if the person becomes ill or passes away from the disorder

Biology (5 decks)

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