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sociology - media > Topic 4 : Media Representations Of CAGEDS > Flashcards

Topic 4 : Media Representations Of CAGEDS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the media gaze

A

The way the media views things

Representations of groups in the media don’t necessarily represent the truth, or society’s view of them

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2
Q

What does media representation lead to and who says this

A

Leads to symbolic annihilation (Gerbner and Gross)

symbolic annihilation = CAGEDS groups are trivialised, stereotyped or underrepresented by the media
= LEADS to a distorted impression by society

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3
Q

Why do media representations matter - postmodernist view

A

Baudrillard - media representations of social groups can become hyper-reality for people who do not have experiences with the group in real life
= this LEADS to certain groups to be treated in often negative ways

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4
Q

Why do media representations matter - Neo-Mx view

A

GMG - media representations will always serve the needs of the RC, and reinforce cultural hegemony
= this LEADS to the justification of the existing inequalities in society

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5
Q

Media representations of the elderly

On US TV, what percentage of characters are older and what roles do they take on

A

Fisk - 1.5% are older characters. Most in minor roles and figures of comedy and impairment

Biggs - similar findings in the UK

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6
Q

Media representations of the elderly

What does Newman argue

A

Upper class and middle class elderly people are portrayed in TV and drama as occupying high status roles as world leaders, judges, politicians and business experts

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7
Q

Media representations of the elderly

What is a real life example of higher class elderly people portrayed with high status jobs

A

Average MP - older, white, male
= figures of authority

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8
Q

Elderly presenters of the news / shows

A

Often paired with younger / attractive female co host

Older women presenters are ‘exiled to radio’ after reaching a certain age around 40 (AO2 : BBC criticised for replacing Anna Ford with a younger presenter)

A CONSEQUENCE of this is that it can normalise older men with younger women in romantic relationships

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9
Q

What did the Independent Television COmmission find regarding the elderly and their representation in the media

A

More than 3,000 adults in their 60s and 70s said that older viewers felt under-represented on TV

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10
Q

5 typical ways the elderly are portrayed

A

Grumpy - stubborn and resistant to social change

Mentally challenged

Dependent - on younger members of society

As a burden - economic burden (pensions, health care) and a social burden on their families

As enjoying a second childhood

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11
Q

Media representations of the elderly AO3

A

Media producers are gradually changing their representations, as they realise that this group may have disposable incomes
= the grey pound

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12
Q

Media representations of the elderly

Carrigan

A

Advertisers are reluctant to use older models for fear of alienating younger customers

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13
Q

Contrast between elderly men and elderly women

A

Older women on TV are symbolically annihilated - expected to be forever young and are objectified

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14
Q

What are the two ways teenagers are represented and who says this

A

Hebdige

Represented as trouble or as fun

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15
Q

What % of news stories of teenagers are negative vs % that are positive

A

Negative - 57%
Positive - 12%

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16
Q

Teenagers as trouble + AO2

A

Portrayed by the news as a social problem, or anti authority
= this LEADS to being constructed as ‘folk devils’ as part of a moral panic

AO2: cohen’s mods and rockers study

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17
Q

Are teenagers a moral panic? AO2

A

Wayne et al - content analysis of 2130 news items
= found that young people were mainly represented as a violent threat to society
= found minimal young person POVs
= media only delivers a one dimensional picture of youth which LEADS to fear and condemnation

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18
Q

Are teenagers a moral panic? AO3 analysis

A

Wayne et al - this distracts from real problems that young people face EG homelessness, unemployment, mental health etc. that is caused by government / social failure

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19
Q

How does the representation of teenagers contribute to society’s hegemonic ideology?

A

Teenagers become a scapegoat for fears about family breakdown, violence in society, consumerism etc.

Teenagers have no ‘voice’ so cannot fight back

Teens have their own culture (values) which differs from the established adult culture

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20
Q

Teenagers as fun + AO3

A

Magazines are produced specifically for young people to socially construct youth lifestyle and identity

Internet music sites, radio stations etc. attempt to shape musical tastes of young people

AO3: new media - facebook, instagram - allow youth to project / construct their identities from around the world

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21
Q

8 typical representations of children

A

As victims of horrendous crimes (white children victims get more media attention than adults / children from ethnic minority backgrounds)

Cute

Little devils

Brave little angels (suffering from long term diseases)

Brilliant (child prodigies / heroes)

Accessories (how they humanise celebrities)

Modern (children know so much more ‘at their age’)

Active consumers (leads to pester power - engels -)

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22
Q

General features of the representation of middle class

A

Jones - “we’re all middle class now”

Values of the MC are seen as the norm
WC seen as abnormal

GMG - there is little media content which discusses class inequality and power differences

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23
Q

Reiner

A

Representations of wealthy people show them as an example of success within a meritocratic society

Audiences are encourage to identify with the culture of consumption

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24
Q

Nairn

A

The royal family are deemed to be like us - the queen seen as an ordinary mother doing extraordinary things

Mx : this representations undermines economic differences between the WC and RC, sticking to the status quo and puts the WC in a FCC

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25
Q

General representations of WC

A

Curran and Seaton - content of tabloids are aimed at the WC and should thus represent their POV

The sun, daily mirror etc. aimed at WC - suggests they have little interest in serious public affairs (government) and more interest in infotainment

Newman - there is little realistic representation on the everyday lives of WC (despite large proportion of population)

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26
Q

Butsch - The Royle Family

A

WC are represented as well-intentioned buffoons, figures of fun

Portrayed as having unintelligent conversations and watch TV all the time

Mx - perpetuates class inequalities through negative stereotypes

27
Q

WC as chavs, white trash and scum

A

Lawler - using words like chav creates impressions of hostility and helps MC secure their identity and legitimises their privileged position over the WC

Shildrick et al - media does not represent the wider structural issues which lead to a lack of social mobility - EG problems within education

28
Q

What do Neo-Mx / PM say about disability

A

Shakespeare - disability is a social construct - created by the attitude of society, not the person themselves

29
Q

Media gaze of disability

A

A hyperreality has been created about disability for those who haven’t had a direct experience of disability

white MC men control media - our understanding of disability is largely based on the media gaze of those men

Media gaze represents disability as a problem based on an individual’s impairments, not as a problem created by society’s reaction to this impairment

30
Q

Symbolic annihilation disability

A

Cumberbatch et al - 2.5% of TV programmes portrayed disabled people despite them representing 20% of the real world

31
Q

Negative representations of disability

A

Philo (GMG) - half of programmes with mental illness story lines represented these people as threat - 63% negative portrayal of mental illness

Brian et al - media coverage describing those with mental health related disabilities had gone drown from 2004 - 2011
(AO3 : is this changing)

32
Q

Media stereotypes of disability - Barnes

A

Majority of information about disability across all media patronise, criminalise and dehumanise disabled people

33
Q

Media stereotypes of disability - cumberbatch and negrine

A

In cinema disability represented as: the criminal or a powerless and pathetic character

34
Q

Consequences of media stereotypes of disability

A

Disabled people are seen as:

Pitiable

Object of curiosity (dehumanising)

Sinister or evil

Object of ridicule

Burden - unable to participate in daily life

35
Q

Media stereotypes of ethnicity (black)

A

Hargrave - black people twice as likely as white to be portrayed as criminals

36
Q

Media stereotypes of ethnicity - society

+ analysis

A

Causing social problems and not victims of them:
Underachievement in school
Child sexual exploitation
Illegal immigration

Posing a threat to the “British way of life” - forced marriages, honour killings

AO3 - why does the media do this
- pluralists : to make money
- instrumentalists : divide the WC to stop a class war
- hegemonic : assert white dominance

37
Q

Media stereotypes of ethnicity - international news

+ AO3 analysis - WHY?

A

GMG - developing nations represented as chaotic

Focus is on civil war, terrorism, famine

Little context is ever given to the reason (EG colonialism)

AO3 - why does the media do this
Pluralists - lack of context is due to restraints of news broadcasters and news values (simplicity)

Hegemonic - to distract attention from the role of the West in creating these problems

38
Q

Islamophobia and the media AO1

+ AO3 analysis - consequence

A

2007 - 91% of reporting on Muslims in newspapers were negative

News reporting around Muslims relates to female oppression

AO3 - WHY + consequence
Pluralists - news values + what audiences tend to watch
Negative stereotypes

39
Q

Islamophobia and the media AO2

A

Media coverage of Muslims has led to stereotypes where they represent a threat to British values and public safety

Goffman - this LEADS to Muslim identity becoming a “stigmatised identity” - undesirable

Baroness Warsi - media coverage HAS LED TO a level of Islamophobia which is seen as normal

40
Q

What does Sam Harris say about the coverage of Muslims

A

Media highlighting transgressions of social norms by extremist Muslims shouldn’t be considered Islamophobic

41
Q

What do Neo Marxists say about whether the representations of ethnic minorities are stereotypical

A

The media does represent ethnic minorities in a stereotypical way to assert white dominance

42
Q

What do pluralists say about whether the representations of ethnic minorities are stereotypical

A

The media doesn’t represent them in a stereotypical way - they represent them in a way which reflects news values and what audiences want

43
Q

The symbolic annihilation of gay and lesbian sexuality - Gross

A

Gross - media often symbolically annihilate gays by excludingm trivialising or condemning. Despite change, homosexuality is still underrepresented / portrayed negatively

44
Q

The symbolic annihilation of gay and lesbian sexuality - Cowan and Valentine

A

In a study of BBC, found that gay people 5 times more likely to be portrayed negatively than positively

45
Q

Gill

A

Sanitisation of gay sexuality

To avoid risk of offending heterosexual audiences or putting off advertisers, media represents gay sexuality in a sanitised way

EG - gays rarely portrayed in a sexualised way, instead appear stylish and attractive to appeal to women

Opposite for lesbians - portrayed in a hyper sexualised manner - for older heterosexual males

46
Q

Growing tolerance, changing stereotypes

A

Media still underrepresents gay and lesbians but this is changing - greater acceptance

Why? Media companies realised that gay and lesbianism is a consumer marketer - pink pound

47
Q

Examples of better representation of gay and lesbian people

A

Netflix:
Queer eye
Sex education

48
Q

Underrepresentation of women in the media INDUSTRY

A

IWMF - women faced a glass ceiling and stayed at junior level

60% of senior roles are men

74% of national news journalists are men

Twice as many male editors as there are women

49
Q

Martinson

A

In media content

Over 50s = 82% are men, 5% are women (symbolic annihilation)

50
Q

Cumberbatch et al about the reason for the underrepresentation of older women

A

Generally there are fewer old women than men, and narrower range of roles

51
Q

The male gaze - Neo-mx, Marxist feminists and radical feminists

A

Leveson inquiry - tabloid press failed to show respect for the dignity of women

Women represented as sexual objects to provide pleasure for men

Women’s worth defined by beauty

Tuchman et al - underrepresentation and limited roles LEADS to trivialisation which LEADS to symbolic annihilation

52
Q

Connell

A

Media influences the construction of gender differences by reproducing stereotypes of gender roles

One stereotype is the beauty myth (wolf)

53
Q

Tebbel

A

Women’s bodies are represented so that the normal body type is thin, youthful and ultimately unattainable

This has LED TO the symbolic annihilation of the female body

54
Q

Why does the media create this stereotype around female bodies

A

Fashion, cosmetic and beauty industries do this to keep women buying their products as a means of consistently needing to “improve” themselves

(Mx perspective / Mx feminist)

55
Q

Pluralist view for media stereotypes

A

Stereotyping occurs because it satisfies what audiences and advertisers want so they produce the same sort of content

56
Q

Liberal feminist view for media stereotypes

A

Representations of women are due to an under-representation of women as chief executives, senior managers etc. in media organisations

This encourages a male view of the world

This will change when women gain more power in the media world and are able to break through the glass ceiling

57
Q

Marxist / Marxist feminist view for media stereotypes

A

Media representations of women are driven by a desire to attract advertisers - stereotyping women helps advertisers to sell products (cosmetics, diet plans)

If media producers encourage a realistic view of the female body, advertisers may lose revenue and withdraw support

Media and big companies exploit women financially, making WC women feel especially marginalised as they can’t participate in the stereotypical lifestyle promoted in the media

58
Q

Radical feminists view for media stereotypes

A

Media represents women like this to reproduce patriarchy

Media seeks to limit women’s roles so they subordinate to men and satisfy the male gaze through the beauty myth

Women can’t challenge power-relations or male dominance

59
Q

Are media sterotypes of gender changing - McRobbie

A

In an increasingly postmodern world where views on men and women are more fluid, media is more able to change to reflect different representations of men and women

60
Q

Are media sterotypes of gender changing - gauntlett

A

Expectation of men and women being treated equally is beginning to be reflected in the media

61
Q

Changing representations for women

A

Women are more successful than men in education so are becoming more successful in the job market

Pluralists - this is reflected in the media - EG magazines now cater for working women instead of just housewives
= as opinions in society change, the media will change as well (accepting vs rejecting media)

62
Q

Knight

A

Despite representations of women changing where they are seen as strong and independent, they are still represented as attractive and glamorous
= beauty myths still prevail

63
Q

Changing representations of males - Gauntlett

A

Magazines encourage men to talk about mental health
Men to be more caring and emotional
Male body used as a sex object
Men are more aware of appearance and weight - rise in ED amongst men

sociology - media (6 decks)

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