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A-Level Sociology - Family + Households > Topic 4: Marriage > Flashcards

Topic 4: Marriage Flashcards

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1
Q

Is polygamy legal in the UK?

A

No, only monogamy is allowed.

However, a muslim man has never been prosecuted for polygyny.

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2
Q

What are the different types of polygamy?

A

Polygyny: Where a man takes multiple wives.
Polyandry: Where a woman takes multiple husbands.

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3
Q

According to Starkweather and Hames (2012), how many cultural groups practise Polyandry?

A

80.

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4
Q

How many polygynous Muslim marriages are there in the UK?

A

Khan (2014):

Roughly 20,000

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5
Q

Which marriage type is becoming increasing popular?

A

Serial monogamy.

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6
Q

Trends:

Has the marriage rate in the UK been increasing or declining? (Provide stats)

A

It has been declining at a stable rate:
1972: 480,000 marriages (highest in a year)
2009: 230,000 (lowest in a year)
The general marriage rate has also declined.

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7
Q

Trends:

People are _______ till they are _____ to get married.

A

People are waiting till they are older to get married.

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8
Q

Trends:

What are the average marriage ages for men and women now?

A

Men - 32.4

Women - 30.3

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9
Q

Trends:

Men tend to go for ______ women.

A

Men tend to go for younger women.

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10
Q

Trends:

Marriage is more popular among the ______ classes.

A

Marriage is more popular among the middle classes.

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11
Q

Trends:

What is the different percentage rate between marriages in Social Class 1 and Social Class 7?

A

2012:
Social Class 1 - 66% get married
Social Class 7 - 44% get married.

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12
Q

What is my theory as to why marriage is higher in middle classes?

A

Because there are less people in social class 1.

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13
Q

Ethnic Variations:

What does Berthoud (2000) note?

A

By the age of 25, 3/4 of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women are married.
Compared to white women where this is only 1/2.

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14
Q

Ethnic Variations:

What does Berthoud reason is the reason for the marriage disparity?

A

He puts it down to powerful cultural and religious expectations.

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15
Q

Ethnic Variations:

Which ethnic group is least likely to marry?

A

Black African-Caribbeans:

2011: 39% under the age of 60 are married vs 60% of White Brits.

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16
Q

Ethnic Variations:

Which ethnic group is the LEAST likely to intermarry?

A

South Asians - this is usually due to religious and cultural reasons. Further, it is this group which has the highest number of arranged marriages.

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17
Q

Ethnic Variations:

Which ethnic group is the MOST likely to intermarry?

A

Black people:
African-Caribbean = 30% of men married to white women.
Non African-Caribbean = 47% of men are married to white women.

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18
Q

New Right Concerns about the decline in marriage:

Why does Patricia Morgan (2000) believe marriage is centrally important to society?

A
  • Married men work better as their main priority is providing for his family.
  • It regulates promiscuity and encourages commitment.
  • It is good for the health of adults.
19
Q

New Right Concerns about the decline in marriage:

Why does Rector (2014) blame social policies?

A

Welfare benefits promote single parenthood as marriage isn’t a financial incentive - the state is replacing the husband.
It is a destructive feedback loop: the decline in marriage means more welfare is needed.

20
Q

New Right Concerns about the decline in marriage:

How has secularisation led to marriage decline?

A

Marriage is no longer seen as sacred.

Adultery and divorce are not as shameful as they used to be.

21
Q

What is secularisation?

A

The decline in the influence of religion on society and its values.

22
Q

Critique of the New Right position:

What do feminists claim about the evolving state of marriage?

A

People seek more egalitarian marriages.
Askham (1984):
Spouses saw negotiation and compromise as essential - domination of one party was seen as destructive to a relationship.

23
Q

Critique of the New Right position:

What does the delay in marriage show about society’s views towards the institution?

A

People delay it because it is seen as more important - people are less carefree when it comes to marriage; see it as a major commitment.
Marriage is still the Gold Standard for many.

24
Q

Critique of the New Right position:

What evidence is there to show that marriage is still popular?

A

40% of marriages are remarriages.

It demonstrates that marriage is still popular despite previous negative experiences - people are not giving up on it.

25
Q

Critique of the New Right position:

How does cost affect the decision to marry?

A

Due to the constant recession and austerity in the Western world, getting married is extremely expensive for those in social class 7 - some prefer to cohabit and save up for it.

26
Q

Cohabitation:

According to the ONS in 2012, how many people were cohabitating?

A

5.9 million people.

This is double the amount in 1996.

27
Q

Cohabitation:

Why is it a concern for Morgan?

A

She believes it is replacing marriage.

‘Marriage lite’ - it is less fulfilling and more depressed, stressed, unfaithful and abusive.

28
Q

Cohabitation:

What did Murphy’s findings in 2007 show?

A

Murphy (2007) studied ONS data and found that children of cohabitating couples do worse at school and often leave earlier.

29
Q

Cohabitation:

What was the ONS data on dependent children in 2012?

A

39% of heterosexual cohabiting couples had dependent kids, contrast to 38% of married couples (had more kids tho).

30
Q

Cohabitation:

How many children were born out of wedlock in 2012 compared to 1938?

A

1938 - 4%

2012 - 47.5%

31
Q

Cohabitation:

What does the New Right say about the amount of children born out of wedlock?

A

They call it the final nail in the coffin of the nuclear family.

32
Q

Cohabitation:

Why is the data on dependent children misleading?

A

Because married couples, on average, have more children than cohabiting couples.

33
Q

Cohabitation:

What do Beaujoan and Ni Bhrolchain say (2011)?

A

They criticise the New Right:

  • Cohabitation is normal now and isn’t replacing marriage.
  • Instead, they are “trial runs” to screen out weaker relationships.
  • Due to this, there are less marriages ending before the 5th anniversary.
34
Q

Types of Marriage:

What is an arranged marriage?

A

It is consensual - there is a discussion and both parties must consent.
Epstein (2011): They are more stable as time goes on as they weren’t built on lust - love strengthens as time goes on.

35
Q

Types of Marriage:

Which groups practice arranged marriages?

A

Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims, and Orthodox Jews.

36
Q

Types of Marriage:

What is a Love Marriage?

A

It is a “traditional” heterosexual marriage.

37
Q

Types of Marriage:

What are forced marriages?

A

Marriages that don’t involve consent but are done under duress - if refused, they can result in “honour crimes” (abduction, acid attacks, mutilation, murder).

38
Q

Types of Marriage:

Are forced marriages legal in the UK?

A

No, but they still take place.

2013: 1,302 but the Forced Marriage Unit estimates that it is closer to 8,000 a year.

39
Q

Types of Marriage:

How many honour crimes were reported to the police in 2010?

A

2,823

40
Q

What does Peter HItchens say about the State and marriage?

A

He believes the state is interfering too much in family life and marriage.

41
Q

The Divorce Reform Act has done what, according to Hitchens?

A

The Law is actively destroying the contract of marriage.
The Act has led to fewer marriages and fewer enduring marriages.
The Law takes away the sanctity of marriage.

42
Q

Legally, marriage is what, in Hitchen’s view?

A

Legally, marriage is dead: it means virtually nothing - it can be so easily dismantled.

43
Q

Which institution is standing up for marriage and private life?

A

The Church - Hitchens believes in a return to Christian values.

A-Level Sociology - Family + Households (10 decks)

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