Topic 4: Eukaryotes to Know Flashcards

(68 cards)

1
Q

Eukaryotic super groups

A
Unikonts
Archaeplastida 
Excavata
SAR
other
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2
Q

Unikonts consist of

A

amoebazoa and ophistokonts

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3
Q

SAR consists of…

A

straemnophiles, alveolate, rhizaria

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4
Q

Emiliana huxley

A

hapthophyte

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5
Q

Opisthokont tree

A
Fungi
Nucleariids
/
Metazoa
Choanoflagellates 
Capsaspora
Ichthyospora
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6
Q

Holozoa Tree

A

Metazoa
Chanoflagellates
Capsaspora
Ischthyosporea

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7
Q

Metazoa tree

A
Insects
Gastropods
Sponges 
/
You
Fish
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8
Q

Choanoflagellates

A
Unikont, Ophistokont, Holozoa
closest relatives to animals 
sponge ancestor 
- thecate cells: prey capture and ingestion, cilia  
- "collared" flagellates
- small group, 120 species
- mostly marine, some freshwater
- common in plankton 
- many sessile
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9
Q

Capsaspora

A

Unikont, Ophistokont, Holozoa

  • filose amoeboid cell
  • symbiotic
  • found in snails
  • even more basal relative of animals
  • independent lineage from choanoflagellates
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10
Q

Ichthyosporea

A

Unikont, Ophistokont, Holozoa

  • below capsaspora
  • 70-100 species
  • either commensals or parasites, all found in association with animals
  • trophic (feeding) stages are large multinucleated cells that contain large vacuoles
  • chitin cell wall
  • propagation via: flagellated stages, walled spores, loose amoebae
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11
Q

Ichyosporids

A

Ichthyosporea

  • pathogens of fish
  • causes dermocystidiosis, ichyophonidiosis and rosette
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12
Q

Fungi

A

Unikont, Ophistokont

  • morphologically diverse
  • chitin cell wall
  • lack flagella
  • hyphae
  • absorptive nutrition
  • ergosterol in cell membrane
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13
Q

Fungal tree + relatives

A

slide 30

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14
Q

Ascomycetes

A
fungi
yeast 
ex. Candida albicans 
- causes oral and vaginal infections
- economically relevant (S. cerevisiae causes bread and beer)
- can reproduce sexually
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15
Q

Microsporidia

A

fungi
- used to be classified as an archezoa
pathogen of insects
bio control agent against locust
human pathogens - AIDS epidemic and immunosuppressant drugs
- 39% of AIDS patients with diarrhea have this infection
- most infections are GI related, but ocular, respiratory and muscular also occur

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16
Q

Rozellids

A

fungi

  • fresh water, marine, soil
  • recently discovered
  • flagellum
  • no chitin
  • parasites/symbionts
  • close association with euk hosts
  • related to microsporidia? LBA?
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17
Q

Unikonts: Amoebozoa

A
  • pleomorphic
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18
Q

Amoebae

A

Unikont, Amoebozoa

  • cells that have pseudopodia
  • filose (fine think pseudopodia)
  • lobose: thick, wide pseudopods
  • unidirectional cytoplasmic streaming
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19
Q

Giant Amoebae (Amoeba or Chaos)

A

Unikont

  • large (~2mm)
  • Amoeba has one single polygenomic nucleus, with 500 chromosomes
  • Chaos has lots of nuclei, essentially a plasmodium
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20
Q

“a plasmodium”

A

acellular, multinucleate mass, often enclosed by a slime sheath
often brightly coloured
vein like strands of protoplasm
synchronous nuclear division

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21
Q

Slime holds (mycetozoans)

A

fungus creature
amoebozia
looks like fungi, produces spores like fungi, lives near fungi
- not saprophytic like fungi, they are real predators of bacteria
- grow in wet organic places
- two types, plasmodial and cellular

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22
Q

myxomycetes, plasmodial slime molds

A

myxa = slime
myketes = fungus
700 species
toxins

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23
Q

cellular slime moulds (dictyostelids)

A
small group 4 genera, 70 species 
trophic stages are generally amoebae, seldom uniflagellate amoeboflagellates 
never form plasmodium 
hyphae with spores at top 
Unicellular sometimes 
- evolution of multicellularity 
- evolution of altruism 
- individual cells aggregate together
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24
Q

Archaeplastida morphological

A

descendants of an ancestral host that took up a cyanobacteria endosymbiont (primary endo)

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25
EGT
endosymbiotic gene transfer like in archaelastida many endo genes transfereed from the plasmid to the ancestral host lineage if an EGT is shared by the hosts, mostly likely explanation is that the even occurred prior to the divergence of the lineages
26
archaeplastida tree
viridiplantae - sreptophytes and chlorophytes Glaucophytes Rhodoplantae - bangiophyte, floridiophytes, cyanidiophytes
27
Viridiplantae
archaeplastida includes all green algae and land plants split into streptophytes and chlorophytes multi and unicell
28
Micromonas
``` green algae chlorophyte smallest euk maybe one flagellum no scales most common euk in marine plankton ```
29
ostreococcus
chlorophyta tiny euk organelles
30
volvox
chlorophyceae, archeaplastida large motile colonies polar organization (cells towards the front have larger eyespots insight into multicellularity
31
Ulva
``` chlorophyta sea lettuce actually only 2 cells thick sexual reproduction unicellular and flagellar gametes ```
32
which two groups are strictly unicellular?
rhizaria and excavates | and kind of diatoms (can be colonial)
33
high groups are strictly multicellular?
land plants animals dictyostelid slime mold plasmodial slime mold
34
which groups are unicellular or colonial?
choanoflagellates
35
which group has most members unicellular but some rare multicellular species?
ciliates
36
which groups have some members multicellular and some unicellular?
red algae chlorophycean algae (volvox) acrid slime moulds fungi
37
Glaucophytes
``` unicellular tiny group archaeplastida, deep branch! 15 species, 9 genera fresh water rare contain blue-green plastids called cyanelles ```
38
Rhodoplatae
archaeplastida 3 main groups (bangiophyte, floridiophyte, cyanidiophyte) - 750 genera, 5000 species - lack flagella and flagellar roots - red plastid - multicellular mostly (some unicellular)
39
cyanidophytes
``` red algae unicellular thick, protein wall one single cup shaped plastid extreme environments, 57 C (hot springs), Where no other euk grows colour of cyanobacteria (not red) looks like algal bloom ```
40
bangiomorpha pubescens
``` red algae oldest multicellular euk fossil 1200MYA oldest euk fossil similar to examples of modern red algae ```
41
Excavata
euk supergroup
42
Excavate hypothesis
ventral feeding groom all had common ancestor that all these organisms were related to each other ventral feeding groove -> create a current, similar to how choanoflagellates eat prey mostly controversial - previously archaezoan
43
reclinomonas americana
reclining american 'excavate
44
euglenids
excavates some secondarily photosynthetic (like Euglena) some parasitic (like Trypanosoma)
45
Trypanosoma
excavata, euglenids Nagana and African sleeping sickness Tsetse fly subsaharan africa
46
Metamonads
``` excavates conspicuous golgi and cytoskeletal apparatus hydrogenosomes not mitochondria flagella and no groove - parasitic/symbiotic - human and vet importance - anaerobic/microaerophillic ``` mostly completely anaerobic -> so don't need mitochondria hydrogenosomes still imports proteins into nucleus, but does anaerobic E production has no genome
47
Trichomonas vaginalis
``` Metamonad - excavate best studied trichonomas human parasite infects genital tract increase risk of HIV infection or cancer ``` - really big genome - largest coding content to date (~ 50 000 proteins) - flagellates - amoeboid cells - complex life cycle
48
Hypermastigotes
metamonad, excavate - obligate symbiont of termites - anaerobe - large cells - many rows of flagella with basal bodies arranged perpendicularly to the parabasals - looks fuzzy
49
Eucomonympha imla
Hypermastigotes
50
Diplomonad
excavates small group, 8 genera, 95 species - many species have 2 karyoastigonts (they remesble 2 organisms) - highly diverged - many are parasitic - giardia (beaver fever) - spironucleus - hole-in-head disease
51
Rhizaria
``` SAR unicellular filose and reticulate pseudopodia huge variety of size, body type 3 major groups: Cercozoa, Foraminifera, Radiozoa ``` - least studied major euk group
52
Cercozoa
``` Rhizaria, SAR protruding spikes diverse group: - photosynthetic flagellates, heterotrophic flagellates, or organisms covered in shells ex. Euglypha ```
53
Foraminifera
hole bearers - discovered by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (who though they were tiny cephalopods) - large group 1000 living pseicies - large protists - majority are marine, but naked (no shell) forms have colonized fresh water and terrestrial habitats - pave sea floor - "living sands" - skeletons are classified according to material they are made of - glycoprotein, said grain, calcium carbonate - 1/4 of global calcium carbonate production - can have many compartments or one
54
Nummulites
fossil forams foraminifera, rhizaria , sar - main components of the rocks that was used t build the pyramids of Egypt
55
Radiozoa
Rhizaria, SAR - large group - always marine planktonic - exist at all depths - morphology of the group reflects an adaptation to the planktonic lifestyle - free floating
56
Stramenopiles
SAR - straw hairs - tripartite mastigonemes (hairs or extensions of flagella) - reverse the thrust of the flagellum, flagellum pulls ce forwards
57
Diatoms
Stramenophiles, SAR - largest protist group - ubiquitous in marine and freshwater environments - responsible for more than 20% of global primary production (C fixed by photosynthetic organisms) - diatom means two parts - frustule - diatom aggregates sink when nutrients are depleted - can reproduce asexually - each time it reproduces it becomes smaller and smaller until it can't divide anymore - diatomite, and dynamite
58
Brown algae
``` Stramenopiles, SAR 250 genera, 1500 species - no unicellular species - range in size - huge primary producers in coastal ares (esp. in temperate and polar regions) ```
59
oomycetes
stramenophiles, SAR - largest group of non-photosynthetic heterokonts - ca. 65 genera, 800 species - imp. for human affairs - potato famine - look like fungi -> convergent evolution?? - obtained genes from pathogenic fungi by HGT - facilitated the evolution of plant parasitism
60
Phytophthora infestans
oomycete, stramenopiles, SAR - causing agent for late blight of potato - first organism to be proven to be the cause of a disease
61
Rev. Miles Berkeley
put forward revolutionary idea that microorganisms were the cause of disease and not the result. during potato famine
62
Alveolates
SAR - red plastid - have alveolae = flattened vesicles that like under plasma membrane - 3 major groups: ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and others.
63
Ciliates
Alveolates, SAR - have many small flagella-cilia - primarily aquatic - have nuclei of two types, micronucleus and micronucleus - some harbour photosynthetic bacteria - may be raptorial feeders - some act as filter feeders - transformations - often bc cannibals - when starved turn into raptorial feeders - in the guts of large herbivores, they feed on carbs/starch - commensals, not parasites
64
Styxophyra quadicomuta
ciliate, alveolate, SAR | raptorial feeders
65
Dinoflaggelates
alveolate, SAR - "whirling flagellates" - 125 genera and 2500 species - photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic forms - ubiquitous in freshwater and marine - two flagella (transversal nd ingitudinal) - some possess plates or scales - cause red tides - phytoplankton blooms - bioluminescence
66
Apicomplexa
alveolate, SAR - exclusively parasitic - has "apical complex" - specialized set of organelles for penetration of host cells - possess a remnant plastid, unusual Golgi organization - cause disease of agriculture importance and human importance
67
Plasmodium
Apicomplexa, alveolate, SAR - causes Malaria -
68
Haptophytes
not a large grouping numbers of species imp. ecologically - mostly marine, some freshwater - 3rd major group of primary producers in the ocean after diatoms and dinoflagellates - due to production of DMA implicated in cloud formation and weather patterns - flagellated forms, some coccoid, filamentous or colonial - calcium carbonate plates (imp. for global warming) - carbon sinks