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Biology 322 > Topic 4: Eukaryotes to Know > Flashcards

Topic 4: Eukaryotes to Know Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic super groups

A 
Unikonts
Archaeplastida 
Excavata
SAR
other
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2
Q

Unikonts consist of

A

amoebazoa and ophistokonts

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3
Q

SAR consists of…

A

straemnophiles, alveolate, rhizaria

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4
Q

Emiliana huxley

A

hapthophyte

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5
Q

Opisthokont tree

A 
Fungi
Nucleariids
/
Metazoa
Choanoflagellates 
Capsaspora
Ichthyospora
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6
Q

Holozoa Tree

A

Metazoa
Chanoflagellates
Capsaspora
Ischthyosporea

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7
Q

Metazoa tree

A 
Insects
Gastropods
Sponges 
/
You
Fish
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8
Q

Choanoflagellates

A 
Unikont, Ophistokont, Holozoa
closest relatives to animals 
sponge ancestor 
- thecate cells: prey capture and ingestion, cilia  
- "collared" flagellates
- small group, 120 species
- mostly marine, some freshwater
- common in plankton 
- many sessile
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9
Q

Capsaspora

A

Unikont, Ophistokont, Holozoa

  • filose amoeboid cell
  • symbiotic
  • found in snails
  • even more basal relative of animals
  • independent lineage from choanoflagellates
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10
Q

Ichthyosporea

A

Unikont, Ophistokont, Holozoa

  • below capsaspora
  • 70-100 species
  • either commensals or parasites, all found in association with animals
  • trophic (feeding) stages are large multinucleated cells that contain large vacuoles
  • chitin cell wall
  • propagation via: flagellated stages, walled spores, loose amoebae
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11
Q

Ichyosporids

A

Ichthyosporea

  • pathogens of fish
  • causes dermocystidiosis, ichyophonidiosis and rosette
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12
Q

Fungi

A

Unikont, Ophistokont

  • morphologically diverse
  • chitin cell wall
  • lack flagella
  • hyphae
  • absorptive nutrition
  • ergosterol in cell membrane
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13
Q

Fungal tree + relatives

A

slide 30

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14
Q

Ascomycetes

A 
fungi
yeast 
ex. Candida albicans 
- causes oral and vaginal infections
- economically relevant (S. cerevisiae causes bread and beer)
- can reproduce sexually
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15
Q

Microsporidia

A

fungi
- used to be classified as an archezoa
pathogen of insects
bio control agent against locust
human pathogens - AIDS epidemic and immunosuppressant drugs
- 39% of AIDS patients with diarrhea have this infection
- most infections are GI related, but ocular, respiratory and muscular also occur

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16
Q

Rozellids

A

fungi

  • fresh water, marine, soil
  • recently discovered
  • flagellum
  • no chitin
  • parasites/symbionts
  • close association with euk hosts
  • related to microsporidia? LBA?
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17
Q

Unikonts: Amoebozoa

A
  • pleomorphic
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18
Q

Amoebae

A

Unikont, Amoebozoa

  • cells that have pseudopodia
  • filose (fine think pseudopodia)
  • lobose: thick, wide pseudopods
  • unidirectional cytoplasmic streaming
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19
Q

Giant Amoebae (Amoeba or Chaos)

A

Unikont

  • large (~2mm)
  • Amoeba has one single polygenomic nucleus, with 500 chromosomes
  • Chaos has lots of nuclei, essentially a plasmodium
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20
Q

“a plasmodium”

A

acellular, multinucleate mass, often enclosed by a slime sheath
often brightly coloured
vein like strands of protoplasm
synchronous nuclear division

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21
Q

Slime holds (mycetozoans)

A

fungus creature
amoebozia
looks like fungi, produces spores like fungi, lives near fungi
- not saprophytic like fungi, they are real predators of bacteria
- grow in wet organic places
- two types, plasmodial and cellular

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22
Q

myxomycetes, plasmodial slime molds

A

myxa = slime
myketes = fungus
700 species
toxins

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23
Q

cellular slime moulds (dictyostelids)

A 
small group 4 genera, 70 species 
trophic stages are generally amoebae, seldom uniflagellate amoeboflagellates 
never form plasmodium 
hyphae with spores at top 
Unicellular sometimes 
- evolution of multicellularity 
- evolution of altruism 
- individual cells aggregate together
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24
Q

Archaeplastida morphological

A

descendants of an ancestral host that took up a cyanobacteria endosymbiont (primary endo)

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25
Q

EGT

A

endosymbiotic gene transfer
like in archaelastida
many endo genes transfereed from the plasmid to the ancestral host lineage
if an EGT is shared by the hosts, mostly likely explanation is that the even occurred prior to the divergence of the lineages

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26
Q

archaeplastida tree

A

viridiplantae - sreptophytes and chlorophytes

Glaucophytes

Rhodoplantae - bangiophyte, floridiophytes, cyanidiophytes

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27
Q

Viridiplantae

A

archaeplastida
includes all green algae and land plants
split into streptophytes and chlorophytes
multi and unicell

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28
Q

Micromonas

A 
green algae chlorophyte 
smallest euk maybe 
one flagellum 
no scales 
most common euk in marine plankton
29
Q

ostreococcus

A

chlorophyta
tiny euk
organelles

30
Q

volvox

A

chlorophyceae, archeaplastida
large motile colonies
polar organization (cells towards the front have larger eyespots
insight into multicellularity

31
Q

Ulva

A 
chlorophyta 
sea lettuce 
actually only 2 cells thick 
sexual reproduction 
unicellular and flagellar gametes
32
Q

which two groups are strictly unicellular?

A

rhizaria and excavates

and kind of diatoms (can be colonial)

33
Q

high groups are strictly multicellular?

A

land plants
animals
dictyostelid slime mold
plasmodial slime mold

34
Q

which groups are unicellular or colonial?

A

choanoflagellates

35
Q

which group has most members unicellular but some rare multicellular species?

A

ciliates

36
Q

which groups have some members multicellular and some unicellular?

A

red algae
chlorophycean algae (volvox)
acrid slime moulds
fungi

37
Q

Glaucophytes

A 
unicellular 
tiny group 
archaeplastida, deep branch! 
15 species, 9 genera
fresh water
rare
contain blue-green plastids called cyanelles
38
Q

Rhodoplatae

A

archaeplastida
3 main groups (bangiophyte, floridiophyte, cyanidiophyte)
- 750 genera, 5000 species
- lack flagella and flagellar roots
- red plastid
- multicellular mostly (some unicellular)

39
Q

cyanidophytes

A 
red algae 
unicellular 
thick, protein wall
one single cup shaped plastid 
extreme environments, 57 C (hot springs), Where no other euk grows 
colour of cyanobacteria (not red)
looks like algal bloom
40
Q

bangiomorpha pubescens

A 
red algae 
oldest multicellular euk fossil 
1200MYA
oldest euk fossil 
similar to examples of modern red algae
41
Q

Excavata

A

euk supergroup

42
Q

Excavate hypothesis

A

ventral feeding groom all had common ancestor
that all these organisms were related to each other

ventral feeding groove -> create a current, similar to how choanoflagellates eat prey mostly

controversial
- previously archaezoan

43
Q

reclinomonas americana

A

reclining american ‘excavate

44
Q

euglenids

A

excavates
some secondarily photosynthetic (like Euglena)
some parasitic (like Trypanosoma)

45
Q

Trypanosoma

A

excavata, euglenids
Nagana and African sleeping sickness
Tsetse fly
subsaharan africa

46
Q

Metamonads

A 
excavates 
conspicuous golgi and cytoskeletal apparatus 
hydrogenosomes not mitochondria 
flagella and no groove
- parasitic/symbiotic 
- human and vet importance 
- anaerobic/microaerophillic

mostly completely anaerobic -> so don’t need mitochondria
hydrogenosomes
still imports proteins into nucleus, but does anaerobic E production
has no genome

47
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A 
Metamonad - excavate 
best studied trichonomas 
human parasite 
infects genital tract 
increase risk of HIV infection or cancer
  • really big genome
  • largest coding content to date (~ 50 000 proteins)
  • flagellates
  • amoeboid cells
  • complex life cycle
48
Q

Hypermastigotes

A

metamonad, excavate

  • obligate symbiont of termites
  • anaerobe
  • large cells
  • many rows of flagella with basal bodies arranged perpendicularly to the parabasals
  • looks fuzzy
49
Q

Eucomonympha imla

A

Hypermastigotes

50
Q

Diplomonad

A

excavates
small group, 8 genera, 95 species
- many species have 2 karyoastigonts (they remesble 2 organisms)
- highly diverged
- many are parasitic
- giardia (beaver fever)
- spironucleus - hole-in-head disease

51
Q

Rhizaria

A 
SAR
unicellular 
filose and reticulate pseudopodia 
huge variety of size, body type
3 major groups: Cercozoa, Foraminifera, Radiozoa
  • least studied major euk group
52
Q

Cercozoa

A 
Rhizaria, SAR
protruding spikes 
diverse group:
- photosynthetic flagellates, heterotrophic flagellates, or organisms covered in shells 
ex. Euglypha
53
Q

Foraminifera

A

hole bearers

  • discovered by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (who though they were tiny cephalopods)
  • large group 1000 living pseicies
  • large protists
  • majority are marine, but naked (no shell) forms have colonized fresh water and terrestrial habitats
  • pave sea floor
  • “living sands”
  • skeletons are classified according to material they are made of
    • glycoprotein, said grain, calcium carbonate
  • 1/4 of global calcium carbonate production
  • can have many compartments or one
54
Q

Nummulites

A

fossil forams
foraminifera, rhizaria , sar
- main components of the rocks that was used t build the pyramids of Egypt

55
Q

Radiozoa

A

Rhizaria, SAR

  • large group
  • always marine planktonic
  • exist at all depths
  • morphology of the group reflects an adaptation to the planktonic lifestyle
  • free floating
56
Q

Stramenopiles

A

SAR

  • straw hairs - tripartite mastigonemes (hairs or extensions of flagella)
    • reverse the thrust of the flagellum, flagellum pulls ce forwards
57
Q

Diatoms

A

Stramenophiles, SAR

  • largest protist group
  • ubiquitous in marine and freshwater environments
  • responsible for more than 20% of global primary production (C fixed by photosynthetic organisms)
  • diatom means two parts
    • frustule
  • diatom aggregates sink when nutrients are depleted
  • can reproduce asexually
    - each time it reproduces it becomes smaller and smaller until it can’t divide anymore
  • diatomite, and dynamite
58
Q

Brown algae

A 
Stramenopiles, SAR 
250 genera, 1500 species
- no unicellular species 
- range in size
- huge primary producers in coastal ares (esp. in temperate and polar regions)
59
Q

oomycetes

A

stramenophiles, SAR

  • largest group of non-photosynthetic heterokonts
  • ca. 65 genera, 800 species
  • imp. for human affairs
    • potato famine
  • look like fungi -> convergent evolution??
    • obtained genes from pathogenic fungi by HGT
    • facilitated the evolution of plant parasitism
60
Q

Phytophthora infestans

A

oomycete, stramenopiles, SAR

  • causing agent for late blight of potato
  • first organism to be proven to be the cause of a disease
61
Q

Rev. Miles Berkeley

A

put forward revolutionary idea that microorganisms were the cause of disease and not the result.
during potato famine

62
Q

Alveolates

A

SAR

  • red plastid
  • have alveolae = flattened vesicles that like under plasma membrane
  • 3 major groups: ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and others.
63
Q

Ciliates

A

Alveolates, SAR

  • have many small flagella-cilia
  • primarily aquatic
  • have nuclei of two types, micronucleus and micronucleus
  • some harbour photosynthetic bacteria
  • may be raptorial feeders
  • some act as filter feeders
  • transformations
    • often bc cannibals
    • when starved turn into raptorial feeders
  • in the guts of large herbivores, they feed on carbs/starch
  • commensals, not parasites
64
Q

Styxophyra quadicomuta

A

ciliate, alveolate, SAR

raptorial feeders

65
Q

Dinoflaggelates

A

alveolate, SAR

  • “whirling flagellates”
  • 125 genera and 2500 species
  • photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic forms
  • ubiquitous in freshwater and marine
  • two flagella (transversal nd ingitudinal)
  • some possess plates or scales
  • cause red tides
    • phytoplankton blooms
  • bioluminescence
66
Q

Apicomplexa

A

alveolate, SAR

  • exclusively parasitic
  • has “apical complex”
    - specialized set of organelles for penetration of host cells
  • possess a remnant plastid, unusual Golgi organization
  • cause disease of agriculture importance and human importance
67
Q

Plasmodium

A

Apicomplexa, alveolate, SAR
- causes Malaria
-

68
Q

Haptophytes

A

not a large grouping numbers of species

imp. ecologically
- mostly marine, some freshwater
- 3rd major group of primary producers in the ocean after diatoms and dinoflagellates
- due to production of DMA implicated in cloud formation and weather patterns
- flagellated forms, some coccoid, filamentous or colonial
- calcium carbonate plates (imp. for global warming)
- carbon sinks

Biology 322 (3 decks)

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