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GENERAL PATHOLOGY > Topic 4 (Environmental & Nutritional Diseases) > Flashcards

Topic 4 (Environmental & Nutritional Diseases) Flashcards

1
Q

disorders caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents in the ambient, workplace & personal environments.

A

Environmental Disease

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2
Q

outdoor, indoor & occupational settings in which humans live & work. (air, food, water, toxic agents)

A

Ambient environment

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3
Q

environmental factors pertain to the individual (tobacco use, alcohol ingestion, therapeutic & recreational drug use, diet)

A

Personal environment

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4
Q

Give: HEALTH EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

A

● Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular & respiratory diseases
● Gastroenteritis, cholera, other food & waterborne infectious diseases
● Vector-borne infectious diseases eg. malaria & dengue fever
● Malnutrition

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5
Q

Basic Principles: (Toxicity of ___ & ___)

A

Toxicity of chemicals & drugs

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6
Q

quantitative concept dependent on dosage

A

Poison

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7
Q

exogenous chemicals in the
environment that may be absorbed by the body
thru inhalation, ingestion or skin contact.

A

Xenobiotics

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8
Q

Chemicals may be excreted in
___ or ___ or
eliminated in ___, or may accumulate in ___, ___, ___, or other tissues.

A

Chemicals may be excreted in urine or feces or
eliminated in expired air, or may accumulate in bone, fat, brain, or other tissues.

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9
Q

may act at the site of entry, or they may be transported to other sites. Some are not modified but most are metabolized (detoxified) to form water soluble products or activated to form toxic metabolites.

A

Chemicals

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10
Q

Chemicals may act at the site of entry, or they may be transported to other sites. Some are not ____ but most are ____ (detoxified) to form ____ or activated to form ____.

A

Chemicals may act at the site of entry, or they may be transported to other sites. Some are not modified but most are metabolized (detoxified) to form water soluble products or activated to form toxic metabolites.

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11
Q

Most solvents & drugs are ___ w/c facilitates transport in blood by lipoproteins & penetrate thru lipid component of cell membranes.

A

lipophilic

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12
Q

Most solvents & drugs are lipophilic w/c facilitates transport in blood by ____ & penetrate thru lipid component of cell membranes.

A

lipoproteins

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13
Q

Most solvents & drugs are lipophilic w/c facilitates transport in blood by lipoproteins & penetrate thru ____.

A

lipid component of cell membranes

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14
Q

chemicals undergo hydrolysis, oxidation or reduction.

A

Phase I reaction

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15
Q

Products here are ___ into ___ cds thru Phase I reactions of ___, ___, ___ & ___.

A

Products here are metabolized into water-soluble cds thru Phase I reactions of glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation & conjugation w/glutathione (GSH).

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16
Q

Phase I reactions;
most active in ER of liver

A

Cytochrome P450 system

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17
Q

catalyzes detoxification or converting xenobiotics to active cds that cause cellular injury → ROS (cellular damage).

A

Cytochrome P450 system

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18
Q

ROS

A

cellular damage

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19
Q

metabolizes acetaminophen, barbiturates & alcohol.

A

CP450

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20
Q

enzymes vary in activity ( decreased by fasting or starvation & increased by alcohol ingestion & smoking).

A

CP450

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21
Q

Outdoor Air Pollutants

A
  • Ozone
  • Sulfur dioxide particles & acid aerosols
  • Carbon monoxide (CO)
  • Systemic Hypoxia
  • Acute CO Poisoning
  • Chronic CO Poisoning
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22
Q

gas formed by sunlight-driven reactions involving nitrogen oxides; emitted by automobile exhaust; generates free radicals → injures lining epithelium of respiratory & alveoli.

A

Ozone

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23
Q

are released by coal & oil-fired power plants & industries using these fuels. Particles <10 microm when inhaled → phagocytosed → elease mediators → inflammatory reaction

A

Sulfur dioxide particles & acid aerosols

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24
Q

non-irritating, colorless, tasteless, odorless gas.

A

Carbon monoxide (CO)

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25
Q

Sources are: automotive engines, industries using Fossil fuels, home oil burners & cigarette smoke.

A

Carbon monoxide (CO)

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26
Q

binds to hemoglobin & prevent 02 transport.

A

Carbon monoxide (CO)

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27
Q

CNS depression

A

Systemic Hypoxia

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28
Q

cherry-red color skin &
mucous membrane

A

Acute CO Poisoning

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29
Q

ischemic changes brain

A

Chronic CO Poisoning

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30
Q

Indoor Air Pollution

A
  • Smoke
  • Radon
  • Bioaerosols
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31
Q

from burning of organic materials w/diff. Oxides of nitrogen & carbon particulates. (wood, dung, charcoal)

32
Q

radioactive gas from uranium; present in soil & homes; cause lung cancer.

33
Q

pathogenic microbiologic agents. (Legionnaire’s disease.; Viral pneumonia; common cold; allergens from pet dander, dust mites, fungi & molds → rhinitis, eye irritation, asthma.

A

Bioaerosols

34
Q

is a readily absorbed metal that binds to sulfhydryl groups in proteins and interferes with calcium metabolism, leading to hematologic, skeletal. neurologic, Gl, and renal toxicities.

35
Q

Occurs through contaminated air, food, and water.

36
Q

Major sources: house paints, gasoline, mines,
batteries & spray paints

37
Q

Binds to sulfhydryl groups in some proteins w/c results to CNS, GI & kidney damage.

38
Q

Used in cosmetic, component of diuretics, remedy for syphilis.

39
Q

Main sources - contaminated fish & dental amalgams

40
Q

cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness & CNS defects

A

Minamata Disease

41
Q

Ulcerations & bloody diarrhea

42
Q

acute tubular necrosis & renal failure

43
Q

Toxicities prominent in GITl, nervous system, skin & heart.

44
Q

Found naturally in wood preservatives, herbicides & other agri products.

45
Q

severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, cardiac arrhythmias, shock, respiratory distress syndrome, acute encephalopathy.

A

Arsenic (Acute toxicity)

46
Q

hyperpigmentation & hyperkeratosis of skin → basal & squamous cell carcinoma.

A

Arsenic (Chronic toxicity)

47
Q

Assisted increase risk with lung carcinoma.

48
Q

Metals as Environmental Pollutants

A
  • Lead
  • Mercury
  • Arsenic
49
Q

Industrial and Agricultural Exposure

A
  • Organic solvents
  • Polycyclic hydrocarbons
  • Organochlorines
  • Non-pesticides organochlorines
  • Polychlorinated biphenyls & dioxin (TCDD)
50
Q

chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, benzene

A

Organic Solvent

51
Q

dizziness, confusion -> CNS depression or coma

A

Acute exposure

52
Q

emitted upon combustion of coal & gas; present in tar & soot

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

53
Q

Industrial exposure cause lung & bladder CA.

A

Potent carcinogens

54
Q

used as pesticides (DDT)

A

Organochlorines

55
Q

eg: PCBs

A

Non-pesticides organochlorines

56
Q

Direct irritant effect on tracheobronchial mucosa-> inflammation & increase mucus production; recruitment of leukocytes → increase elastase production → lung injury → emphysema.

A

Mechanisms of Tobacco-Induced Diseases

57
Q

Carcinogenesis. Polycyclic hydrocarbons & nitrosamines → lung CA; oral cavity, esophagus, pancreas & bladder CA.

A

Mechanisms of Tobacco-Induced Diseases

58
Q

increase platelet aggregation, decrease myocardial 02 supply w/increase 02 demand.

A

Atherosclerosis (MI) -Mechanisms of Tobacco-Induced Diseases

59
Q

Spontaneous abortions & preterm births in maternal smoking.

A

Mechanisms of Tobacco-Induced Diseases

60
Q

Passive smoke inhalation

A

Mechanisms of Tobacco-Induced Diseases

61
Q

isk for lung CA, coronary atherosclerosis & Ml; increase frequency of respiratory illness & asthma. Blood levels of cotinine.

A

Passive smoke inhalation

62
Q

Effects of Alcohol

A

● Drowsiness @200mg/dl; stupor @300ml/dI; coma & respiratory arrest at higher levels.
● Fat accumulation in the liver → Lactic acidosis
● Acute effects: Acetaldehyde toxicity → Flushing,
Tachycardia
● Hyperventilation
● Lipid peroxidation of CM
● Release of endotoxin (LPS) from intestinal flora →
release INF &

63
Q

Fat accumulation in the liver

A

Lactic acidosis

64
Q

Acute effects: (effects of alcohol)

A

Acetaldehyde toxicity → Flushing,
Tachycardia

65
Q

Acute Alcoholism

A

● Fatty change or hepatic steatosis - fat droplets in cytoplasm
● Gastric damage → gastritis & ulceration
● CNS - depressant - disordered motor & intellectual
behaviour; at higher levels may cause respiratory arrest

66
Q

Chronic Alcoholism

A

● Liver- alcoholic hepatitis & cirrhosis → increase risk hepatocellular CA
● GIT - massive bleeding
● Neurologic effects - peripheral neuropaties;
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome; cerebral atrophy, cerebellar degeneration, optic neuropathy.
● Cardiovascular system: alcoholic cardiomyopathy - myocardium - dilated congestive myopathy; increase incidence HPN
● Pancreatitis
● Effects on Fetus - “Fetal Alcohol Syndrome”,
microcephaly, growth, retardation, facial
abnormalities, reduce mental functions
● Carcinogenesis - cancers of oral cavity,
esophagus, liver, breast (females)
● Malnutrition & Vit. B deficiency

67
Q

alcoholic hepatitis & cirrhosis → increase risk hepatocellular CA

68
Q

massive bleeding

69
Q

peripheral neuropaties;
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome; cerebral atrophy, cerebellar degeneration, optic neuropathy.

A

Neurologic effects

70
Q

Effects on Fetus

A

“Fetal Alcohol Syndrome”,
microcephaly, growth, retardation, facial
abnormalities, reduce mental functions

71
Q

cancers of oral cavity,
esophagus, liver, breast (females)

A

Carcinogenesis

72
Q

ADVERSE REACTION MINOCYCLINE

A

A. Diffuse blue-gray pigmentation forearm due to minocycline admn.
B. Drug metabolites deposits (iron, melanin pigment) in the dermis

73
Q

Combination estrogen with progestin (MHT) (HRT) - Increase risk of breast CA, stroke, venous
thromboembolism (DVT & PE)

74
Q

Oral contraceptives (OCs)

GENERAL PATHOLOGY (3 decks)

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