Topic 4: Chapter 13 Personality

Question 1

Actual self

Answer 1

One’s perception of psychological qulities they possess currently, in the present.

Question 2

Affective systems

Answer 2

In the SOCIAL COGNITIVE theory, psychological systems that generate moods and emotional states

Addresses the “feeling” side of personality

Question 3

Anal stage

Answer 3

In the PSYCHODYNAMIC theory, this is the age from 18 months to 3.5 years where a child gets satisfaction from releasing of tension resulting from controlling or releasing feces.

Adults will be very neat and controlling.

Question 4

Big Five

Answer 4

Set of personality traits that is found consistently when researchers analyze, using factor analysis, peoples descriptions of personalities. Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

OCEAN

Question 5

Collective Unconscious

Answer 5

Jung’s concept of a storehouse of mental images, symbols, and ideas that all humans inherit thanks to evolution

Question 6

Condition of worth

Answer 6

in the HUMANISTIC theory, a behavioral requirement imposed by other, such as parents, as a condition for being fully valued, loved, and respected.

Parents loving sports and child loving the arts. Child rejects art.

Question 7

Conscious

Answer 7

In Freud’s analysis of levels of consciousness, the regions of mind containing the mental contents of which you are aware at any given moment

Question 8

Defense mechanism:

Answer 8

A mental strategy that, in psychoanalytic theory, is devised by the ego to protect against anxiety.

Question 9

Ego

Answer 9

In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the mental system that balances the demands of the id with the opportunities and constraints of the real world.

Question 10

Explicit measure

Answer 10

An assessment of psychological qualities (e.g., personality characteristics) in which test items directly inquire about the psychological quality of interest, and people’s responses are interpreted as a direct index of those qualities. 

Question 11

Free association method

Answer 11

A method of both personality assessment and therapy devised by Freud in which psychologists encourage people to let their thoughts flow freely and say whatever comes to mind. 

Question 12

Genital stage

Answer 12

Happens after latency stage and during adolescence when sexual desire is reawakened

Question 13

Humanistic theory

Answer 13

Theory by Carl Rogers, An approach to personality that focuses on people’s thoughts and feelings about themselves and the ways that interpersonal relationships shape these feelings

Question 14

id

Answer 14

In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the personality structure that motivates people to satisfy basic bodily needs.

Question 15

Ideal self

Answer 15

People’s perceptions of psychological qualities that they optimally would possess in the future

Question 16

if, then, profile method

Answer 16

A method for assessing behavior in which researchers chart variations in behavior that occur when people encounter different situations.

Question 17

Implicit measure

Answer 17

An assessment of psychological qualities (e.g., personality characteristics) that does not rely on test takers’ direct reports of their qualities; instead, measures such as length of time taken to answer a question provide information about psychological qualities.

Question 18

Latency stage

Answer 18

In Freud’s theory of psychological development, the developmental stage during which sexual desires are repressed into the unconscious until puberty

Question 19

Level of consciousness

Answer 19

Variations in the degree to which people are aware, and can become aware, of the contents of their minds. 

Question 20

Lexical approach

Answer 20

A perspective on the task of identifying personality traits which presumes that all significant individual differences among people will be represented by naturally occurring words in everyday language.

Trait theory

Question 21

Modeling

Answer 21

A form of learning in which knowledge and skills are acquired by observing others; also known as observational learning.

Question 22

neo-Freudian personality theories:

Answer 22

Theories of personality inspired by Freud that attempted to overcome limitations in his work.

Adler - inferiorities, Carl Jung - Collective uncocnscious, Erik Erickson -crisis,

Question 23

Oral stage

Answer 23

In Freud’s theory of psychological development, the developmental stage (ages 0 to 18 months) during which children seek gratification through the mouth. 

Question 24

Personal agency

Answer 24

People’s capacity to influence their motivation, behavior, and life outcomes by setting goals and developing skills. 

Social cognitive theory

Question 25

Personality

Answer 25

The relatively consistent, observable patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving that distinguish people from one another, and the inner psychological systems that explain these patterns

Question 26

Personality assessment:

Answer 26

A structured procedure for learning about an individual’s distinctive psychological qualities. 

Question 27

Personality processes

Answer 27

Individuals’ distinctive **patterns of change** in psychological experience and behavior that occur from one moment to the next.

Question 28

Personality structures

Answer 28

Those elements of personality that remain **consistent** over significant periods of time. 

Question 29

Personality theory

Answer 29

A comprehensive scientific model of human nature and individual differences.

Question 30

Phallic stage

Answer 30

In Freud’s theory of psychological development, the developmental stage (3.5 to 6 years) during which the source of gratification is the genitals.  | Competitive adults, men - macho, women - flirtacious ## Footnote Psychodynamic Theory

Question 31

Preconscious

Answer 31

Information that you can bring to mind

Question 32

Projective test

Answer 32

Personality assessment tool in which items are ambiguous and psychologists are interested in the way test takers interpret the ambiguity, “projecting” elements of their own personality onto the test.  | ink blot test ## Footnote Psychodynamic Theory

Question 33

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 33

Freud’s theory of personality, also called psychodynamic theory.

Question 34

Psychodynamic processes

Answer 34

In Freud’s theory, changes in mental energy that occur as energy flows from one personality structure to another, or is directed to desired objects. 

Question 35

Psychosexual stage

Answer 35

In Freud’s theory of psychological development, a period during which the child focuses on obtaining sensual gratification through a particular part of the body.

Question 36

Q-sort

Answer 36

An assessment procedure in which people categorize words and phrases according to how well or poorly the descriptions fit them.

Question 37

Repression

Answer 37

A defense mechanism in which traumatic memories are kept in the unconscious, thereby blocked from awareness. 

Question 38

Rorschach inkblot test

Answer 38

A projective test in which the test items are symmetrical blobs of ink that test takers are asked to interpret.

Question 39

Self

Answer 39

In humanistic theories, such as that of Rogers, an organized set of self-perceptions of our personal qualities; people’s conceptions of who they are. 

Question 40

Self-actualization

Answer 40

A motivation to realize one’s inner potential.

Question 41

Self-efficacy beliefs

Answer 41

Judgments about one’s own capabilities for performance. 

Question 42

Self-esteem

Answer 42

A person’s overall sense of self-worth. 

Question 43

Self-referent cognitions

Answer 43

Thoughts people have about themselves as they interact with the world and reflect on their experiences. 

Question 44

Self-regulation

Answer 44

People’s efforts to control their own behavior and emotions. 

Question 45

Skills

Answer 45

Abilities that develop through experience, including interpersonal skills. 

Question 46

Social-cognition theory

Answer 46

People’s beliefs, opinions, and feelings about the individuals and groups with whom they interact socially. 

Question 47

Sublimation

Answer 47

A defense mechanism in which an instinct toward sex or aggression is redirected to the service of a socially acceptable goal. 

Question 48

Superego

Answer 48

In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the personality structure that represents society’s moral and ethical rules. 

Question 49

Terror management theory

Answer 49

A theory proposing that death is so terrifying that thinking about it increases feelings of identification with institutions (e.g., religions, nations) that will survive one’s death.  

Question 50

Trait

Answer 50

In personality psychology, a person’s typical style of behavior and emotion. 

Question 51

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 51

A display of respect and acceptance toward others that is consistent and not dependent on their meeting behavioral requirements.

Question 52

Unconscious

Answer 52

In Freud’s analysis of levels of consciousness, regions of mind containing ideas you are not aware of and generally cannot become aware of even if you wanted to.