Topic 4:Changing citys Flashcards
what is urbanization?
Urbanisation means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. An urban area is a built-up area such as a town or city. A rural area is an area of countryside.
what are the causes of urbanization?
developed countries: -industrialization developing countries: -rural to urban migration- they do this for better quality of life -natural increase- high birth rates
what are the effect of urbanization?
- illegal ‘shanty towns’ often develop
- air, noise and water pollution all increase
- gap between rich and poor widens
- investment increases causing economic opportunity
what parts of a country have highest population density’s?
major urban centers
why does population density vary?
- in the north population density tends to be lower because there are fewer major cities and the high relief of the land makes it more difficult to build settlements
- the population density may be lower because of climate
- ports may give a city more opportunity for industry and employment causing a brain drane to these areas
what is Birmingham’s site?
located on Birmingham plateau in a prime part of the midlands region; began as a small village, built on a dry point site, south-facing sandstone bridge
what is Birmingham’s situation?
located centrally in England, has excellent road links to the north and south
what is Birmingham’s connectivity?
- has an international and domestic airport
- has a railway station
- national links to the west midlands
- road links north and south
what is Birmingham’s culture?
- multicultural city
- 22% of population from outside the UK
what is Birmingham’s environment?
- one of the leading cities for parks (571)
- 15th sustainable city in the UK
what is Birmingham’s CBD?
central business district
- offices, shops, theaters and hotels
- redevelopment has introduced new buildings
what is Birmingham’s inner city?
- redeveloped in 1970s
- tightly packed terraces and blocks of flats
what is Birmingham’s suburbs?
- built during 1930’s, 1950’s and 1960’s
- lower building density mainly semi detached houses
what is Birmingham’s urban-rural fringe?
- larger detached houses
- out of town shopping centers
what are the reasons for national migration in Birmingham?
- people move out to retirement destinations n the south
- people move in because increased investment in Birmingham’s CBD has created employment opportunities
what are the reasons for inter-national migration in Birmingham?
- people move in because of conflict in their home country’s
- people moved in the past because the UK government pushed them because of employee shortages
what is suburbanisation?
people moving out of the CBD and into the suburbs
what is counter-urbanisation?
people moving out of rural areas and into urban areas
what is re-urbanisation?
people want to live in the CBD again
what are the impacts of migration in Birmingham for young people?
- it causes their to be lots of young people
- 66% of the population is under 45
what are the impacts of migration in Birmingham for multiculturalism?
-42% of the population are not white British
what are the impacts of migration in Birmingham for ethnic community’s?
- in 1970’s many migrants set up in cheaper areas
- community’s have developed there since including shops
what are the impacts of migration in Birmingham for housing?
-more stress on housing
what are the impacts of migration in Birmingham for services?
- more pressure on services
- eg GP
what where the population characteristics for Birmingham?
- population of 1.1 million
- increase of population by 9.9% per year
- 22.9% are children that’s a lot
- 13.1%are pentional age which is low
- the reasons for population growth is increase in birth, a rise in migration and declining death rate
what are the reasons for de-industrialisation in Birmingham?
- increase in foreign cars -less demand for car production
- 1970’s roads being built -factories had to make way for roads
- inner city redeveloped
- slow adaptation to tech production -factories producing tech closed
what facts show Birmingham’s deprivation?
- 40% per cent of Birminghma’s population live in deprived areas
- during 2004-2007 Birmingham was ranked as the most deprived local authority in the west midlands
- deprivation is high in the inner city but also in the suburbs
what is the quality of life like in Birmingham?
- investment in inner city slow
- some migrants do not have skills for jobs
- increasing population density in the inner city
- provision of services
- available jobs often do not need specific skills but are short term
how has Birmingham’s CBD changed?
- 19th century -people move from the city to suburbs
- 1870s -manufacturing industrys relocate to suburbs
- 1970s/80s -shopping outlets move to edge
what are the impacts of decentralization in Birmingham?
- 12% decline in trade in the CBD
- movement of shopps to places like merry hill resulted in redevelopment of what was originally a brownfield site
- redevelopments of CBD through projects like the mailbox and Bullring has now seen a growth in trade
what is unemployment and education like in Birmingham?
- youth unemployment in Birmingham has reduced in recent years from 12% in 2014 to 9% in 2015. The council has introduced the Youth Promise pledge that aims to provide employment, education and training for those aged 14-25
- the city council works closely with schools and university through the Birmingham Education partnership to recruit and retrain teachers
what is housing and health like in Birmingham?
-the city council plans to improve insulation in peoples homes by installing new windows and more efficient
heating systems
-residents monthly bills will be lower and the city’s CO2 emissions reduced
-the city is working with Healthy Villages to improve the health and well being of its residents by improving access to services
how are Birmingham’s houses going to become more affordable?
- Birmingham’s Municipal housing trust have been working together to build new affordable housing for residents
- A total of 1576 houses have been built
what is Mexico city’s site?
began as a settlement on an island in Lake Texcoco in Aztecs times (14th - 16th century)
what is Mexico city’s situation?
located on the central plateau, a flat landscape surrounded by mountains and volcanoes
what is Mexico city’s connectivity?
major highways make it the main link between Not and South America. It is the natural base for theater, TV and radio
what is Mexico city’s culture?
Mexico City is thye largest Spanish-speaking city in the world
what is Mexico city’s CBD?
main financial hub characterised by office blocks, including Mexican Stock Exchange and government buildings. Now attracts high level retailers
what is Mexico city’s Inner city
characterised by slums. First slums built during the 19th century. ‘vecindades’ are abandoned multi-story colonial mansions converted into cheap tenements and rented out to families.
what is Mexico city’s suburbs?
areas like Ciudad Satelite, characterised by middle class housing, mainly built owners’ orders. Tightly security - walled - off parking spaces, barbed wire, electric fences and armed guards.
what is Mexico city’s urban-rural fringe?
land use dominated by unregulated shanty towns
what has caused population growth in Mexico city?
1) Natural increase- during the 1950’s a high birth rates and a fall in death rates causing population growth
2) National and international migration- the main migrants to Mexico is from rural areas (but not many from USA, France, Germany)
what are the impacts of migration in Mexico city?
- demand on housing causes more shanty towns
- higher population density and more poverty
- most migrants are young causing less jobs and rising crime rates
- more cars increases air and noise pollution
- fear of crime causes segregation of people
- difficulties with supplying clean water with more demand
what are facts on inequality in Mexico in terms of wages, education and services?
WAGE: top 20% earn 13x the amount of the bottom 20%
EDUCATION: poorest 10% average 2 years of schooling whilst the top 10% average 12 years
SERVICES: shanty towns have no running water, electricity or food shops unlike other who have their own swimming pools
what are the impacts of rapid urbanisation in Mexico city?
HOUSING SHORTAGES -many live in dumps having to search dumps for money
SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS -migrants from country side are forced to illegally build houses with no running water or electricity
UNDER-EMPLOYMENT -some work 7 days a week with multiple jobs
POLLUTION -its surrounded by mountains causing pollution to be trapped and many suffer disease because of it
INADEQUATE SERVICES -the city generates 13000 tonnes of rubbish a day
what are top-down projects?
large scale projects usually managed and funded by city governments
what are bottom-up projects?
small scale projects often funded by non government organizations or community organizations
what is a community based project currently set up in Mexico city?
Cultiva Ciudad is working with schools teaching them how to make a garden.
Rooftop gardens have taken off with residents growing healthy foods.
Locals are working together on the outskirts of the city to raise money to help build schools and health centers
what has the Mexican government done to improve sustainable transport?
- in 2005 Mexico government introduced Metrobus estimated to reduce 35000 tonnes of CO2 annually
- It moves 250000 people per day
- it has reduced journey times by 30minutes
what has Mexico government done to improve waste?
- Mexico produces 13000 tonnes of solid waste every day with all the waste being sent to one landfill site
- In 2011 the government introduced trash for food
- this meant locals could trade waste for vouchers which they could use to buy food from local farms
