Topic 4- Cell Structure

Question 1

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 1

Bacteria and Archaea, largely unicellular

Question 2

What are Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

Usually multicellular organisms like plants, animals, and fungi. Ameba are also Eukaryotes that are unicellular

Question 3

What are the key differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

1. Size- Eukaryotes will be on average 10 times bigger
2. Nucleus- Eukaryotes have a nucleus, prokaryotes do not
3. Organelles- Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles, Prokaryotes do not
4. DNA Structure- Prokaryotes have single circular chromosomes while Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes.

Question 4

What are do prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells have in common?

Answer 4

1. both have cell membranes
2. Both have Ribosomes
3. Both have the properties of life.

Question 5

Differences between plant and animal cells?

Answer 5

Plants have
- Cell wall that provides structure
- Chloroplast where photosynthesis happens
- Central Vacuole that holds water and nutrients.

Question 6

Describe viruses

Answer 6

Biological agent with DNA or RNA that takes over a cell to reproduce. Genetic core surrounded by a protein structure. Has all different kinds of nucleic acid which makes it hard to treat.

Question 7

What is the endomembrane system?

Answer 7

Large organelles that evolved from the cell membrane. This allows them to easily pas things between each other with vesicles.

Question 8

What is a vesicle?

Answer 8

Pinched off sections of the membrane used to transport things between organelles

Question 9

Describe the nucleus and its functions

Answer 9

Houses the DNA in a double membrane that is tightly regulated. The DNA is wrapped up in protein complexes. Inside the there is a dense region called the nucleolus that makes ribosomes

Question 10

Describe the Ribosomes and its functions

Answer 10

Structure, not an organelle made of protein and RNA that synthesize protein

Question 11

Describe the Endoplasmic Reticulum and its functions

Answer 11

there are 2 types, the rough ER which has ribosomes attached to it and makes proteins, makes membrane, and transports transports vesicles.
Then there is the smooth ER that makes lipids, metabolizes carbs, and detoxifies drugs.

Question 12

Describe the Golgi Apparatus and its functions

Answer 12

When it gets vesicles from the rough ER it repackages them and modifies the proteins before sending them off. Sometimes they need to add or remove proteins.

Question 13

Describe the Vacuole and its functions.

Answer 13

Membrane structure used for storage. There are 2 types the food vacuole which is formed in a process called phagocytosis when the membrane reaches out and pulls food into the cell then pinches it off.
Then there a central Vacuole in plants that sections off toxins and also is storage for water and nutrients.

Question 14

Describe the lysosomes and its functions

Answer 14

Little membrane spheres containing digestive enzymes that have 2 uses.
They fuse with food vacuoles to make food digestible.
They also do autophagy, which is when in a sealed membrane the enzymes break down non functioning cells.

Question 15

Describe the mitochondria and its functions

Answer 15

Responsible for cellular respiration, converting O2 and sugar into ATP. Has these unique traits.
- has a 2 membrane layer
- has its own circular DNA
- Has its own ribosomes, similar to bacteria ribosomes
- replication is independent. ie. the cell cant control when it replicates.

Question 16

Describe the Chloroplast and its functions

Answer 16

Responsible for photosynthesis, turning light and water into sugar. Has these unique traits.
- has a 2 membrane layer
- has its own circular DNA
- Has its own ribosomes, similar to bacteria ribosomes
- replication is independent. ie. the cell cant control when it replicates.

Question 17

What is the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 17

The idea that Chloroplast and Mitochondria used to prokaryotic microbes that came into the cell through phagocytosis This is because have a double membrane, prokaryotic like ribosomes, independent replication, and circular DNA.

Question 18

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton and its types

Answer 18

Provides support and mobility(muscle contractions).