Topic 3- Macromolecules Flashcards
What are hydrocarbons are there properties
Organic molecules made of carbon and hydrogen.
-non polar, thus won’t bond with water
- can combine with other elements to form functional groups that can interact with water
What do you call the monomer of Carbohydrates? 2 of them? more than 2?
The monomer is called glucose, aka monosaccharide. 2 of them are disaccharide, more of them are called polysaccharides.
Name and describe all the polysaccharides of carbohydrates.
- Glycogen
- easily accessible energy source for animals found in muscle tissue and the liver. Branched out structure allows for it to be easily broken down. - Starch- energy storage for plants. branched out but not as much as glycogen
- Cellulose- perfectly linear structure that keeps plants upright. Important part of the cell wall structure.
What bonds are used between glucose. Describe what happens.
Glycosidic bond. covalent bonds between oxygen and carbon atoms. releases a water molecule in the process.
name and explain the build of the monomer of protein
Amino Acids. They are always polar. Built of the amino group, carboxyl group, and the R group (side chain)
What are the categories of Amino acids?
The different categories of amino acids are determined by the R group.
1. Non Polar Side Chains AKA, hydrophobic. Made up of mostly hydrocarbons.
2. Polar Side Chains, aka hydrophilic. wants to form hydrogen bonds with water.
3. Acidic. Negatively charged
4. Basic. Positively charged
What are the bonds between Amino acids.
Peptide Bonds.
How are proteins built.
- Primary structure- A linear sequence of amino acids put in a specific order to determine the protein.
- Secondary structure- scrunches together to form helixes and pleated sheets by forming hydrogen bonds throughout the backbone.
- Tertiary structure- fully folded 3d shape held together by bonds from the 4 R group interactions.
- Hydrogen bonds between 2 polar R groups
- Hydrophobic interactions between 2 non polar R groups
-ionic bonds between positive basic AA and negative acidic AA
-Disulfide bonds, covalent bond between 2 cysteine AA - Quaternary structure- combination of tertiary structure.
Name the types of nucleic acids and there functions
DNA- stores genetic information
RNA- transmits genetic information
What is the basic monomer of nucleic acids. Describe it.
Nucleotides, made up of a phosphate group, pentose, and a nitrogenous base.
what is the name of and describe the bond between nucleotides
phosphodiester bond links the phosphate group and the pentose.
Describe the differences between DNA and RNA
For the pentose, DNA will have deoxyribose and RNA will have ribose.
In the nitrogenous base DNA will have thymine and RNA will have uracil. They bosh have guanine, adenine, and cystine.
DNA has a double stranded helix which is 2 chains combined with hydrogen bonds.
RNA usually a single strand but very varied.
What are lipids
Hydrophobic molecules, that are hydrocarbons that don’t form true polymers
describe common lipid structures.
Glycerol base with fatty acid hydrocarbon chains
Describe saturated vs unsaturated fats
Saturated fats- single bonds on it’s tail makes solid and more stable
Unsaturated fats- 1 or more double bonds which gives it a bent tail/irregular structure. Thus makes it hard to settle into a solid form.
