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Biology AS Unit 1 - Molecules and Cells > Topic 4 - Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Cell Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the 5 things that make up the Phospholipid bilayer

A 
Cholesterol 
Extrinsic Proteins
Intrinsic Proteins
Hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic Heads
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2
Q

Why is the Phospholipid bilayer called the ‘Fluid Mosaic Structure’

A

The phospholipids in the cell membrane are constantly moving while the proteins are scattered among them

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3
Q

What are Polysaccharides bound either by proteins or lipids to the Cell-Surface membrane called

A

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

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4
Q

What are som factors that influence the fluidity of the Cell-surface membrane

A

The more phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon chains there are, the more fluid is the membrane
Phospholipids with longer hydrocarbon chains decrease the fluidity of the membrane
The membrane is more fluid at high temperatures and less fluid at low temperatures
Cholesterol provides additional binding forces at high temperature, so decreases membrane fluidity, and keeps the membrane in a fluid state at low temperature

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5
Q

What is the function of the Glycocalyx

A

It allows cells to recognise eachother and group together to form tissues

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6
Q

Why can glycoprotein receptors and signalling molecules fit together

A

They have complementary shapes

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7
Q

What are the factors that determine the route take across the cell-surface membrane

A

The size of the molecule
The polarity and non-polarity of the substance
The concentration of the substance either side of the membrane

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8
Q

What is Passive movement across the Cell-surface membrane

A

It occurs down the concentration gradient and does not require energy expenditure from ATP

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9
Q

What does diffusion rely on

A

The kinetic energy of the substances in solution

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10
Q

What is the definition of Diffusion

A

The net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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11
Q

Why is it called Facilitated Diffusion

A

The substances movement is facilitated by particular membrane proteins

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12
Q

Give 2 types of membrane proteins

A

Channel Proteins

Carrier Proteins

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13
Q

What is the structure of Channel proteins

A

They have a hydrophilic core through which ions and water may diffuse. These channels have a specific shape to allow one type of ions through

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14
Q

How do Channel proteins regulate flow

A

They open and close their channels

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15
Q

What are aquaporions

A

The specific water channel,proteins where most water diffuses through

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16
Q

What is the function of carrier proteins

A

They transport medium-sized molecules such as glucose and amino acids across the cell-surface membrane

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17
Q

How do Carrier proteins work

A

The molecule binds to a site on the protein, which changes the shape to bring the molecule through the membrane

18
Q

What is the definition of Osmosis

A

The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

19
Q

What is the definition of Osmosis in terms of water potential

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water potential to an area of lower water potential

20
Q

What does the addition of solutes to pure water do to the Water potential of the solution

A

It makes it more negative

21
Q

What does an increase of Pressure to pure water do to the Water potential of the solution

A

It makes it more positive

22
Q

What is the equation for water potential

A

Water potential = solute potential + pressure potential

23
Q

What is the Water potential of a cell

A

The measure of the free energy of the water molecules in a system

24
Q

Why is the water potential of Pure water always 0

A

Because all the molecules are free, and there is no solvent to affect the water relations of the cell

25
Q

How do Water molecules become not-free

A

They form shells around the solutes

26
Q

What happens to a Cytoplasm if placed in pure water, and why

A

The cells in the cytoplasm will diffuse into the cytoplasm by osmosis out of the pure water, as a cytoplasm has a negative water potential, compared to Pure waters, which is 0

27
Q

What happens to Red Blood cells when placed in a Hypotonic solution

A

They will take in the water, and swell until they burst (lyse)

28
Q

How do fungi and plants prevent them from Bursting

A

They have rigid cell walls

29
Q

What happens to Red Blood cells when placed in a Hypertonic solution

A

The cell will lose water by osmosis, shrink and become crenated

30
Q

What is Plasmolysis

A

When the Cells start to lose contact with their cell walls

31
Q

What is incipient Plasmolysis

A

The point at which the cytoplasm just begins to lose contact with the cell wall

32
Q

What is the definition of Active Transport

A

The movement of substances across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient

33
Q

How does Active transport differ from Osmosis and Diffusion

A

It requires energy and therefore goes against the Concentration gradient

34
Q

Why are carrier proteins referred to as Pumps in Active transport

A

Because they used energy from ATP, to push the substances through the membrane

35
Q

In Active transport, where is the energy gained from

A

The Mitochondria synthesises ATP

36
Q

What is Cytosis

A

The movement of substances in and out of the cell without having to pass through the cell-surface membrane

37
Q

How do Endocytosis and Exocytosis differ

A

Endocytosis involves the bulk transport into the cell

Exocytosis involves the bulk transport out of the cell

38
Q

What happens during Endocytosis

A

During Endocytosis the cell-surface membrane invaginates and the membrane folds round the substance to from a vacuole or vesicle that enters the cytoplasm while the cell-surface membrane reforms

39
Q

What is Phagocytosis

A

The uptake of solids particles into the cell within vacuoles

40
Q

What is Pinocytosis

A

The uptake of solutes and large molecules into the cell within vesicles

41
Q

What happens during Exocytosis

A

During Exocytosis, secretory vesicles move towards and fuse within the cell-surface membrane, releasing their protein contents out of the cell

Biology AS Unit 1 - Molecules and Cells (6 decks)

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