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Biology AS Unit 1 - Molecules and Cells > Topic 1 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is Water described as a Polar Molecule

A

It has a +ve H group, and a -ve O group

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2
Q

What type of bonds are formed between different water molecules

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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3
Q

What are the 3 main elements that form Carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen

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4
Q

What is the General formula for all Carbohydrates

A

Cx(H2O)y

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5
Q

What is the simplest carbohydrate, and how is it defined

A

Monosaccharides, single sugars

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6
Q

What is the General formula for Monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

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7
Q

How does the formula of Monosaccharides vary

A

The N changes

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8
Q

What is the joining of 2 Monosaccharides called, and what reaction takes place

A

Disaccharides, condensation reaction

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9
Q

What is the definition of a condensation reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which 2 molecules are joined together and 1 water molecule is released

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10
Q

What are many Monosaccharides joined by condensation reactions called

A

Polysaccharides

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11
Q

How do you release hexoses sugars from Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

A

Hydrolysis

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12
Q

Give 2 Pentose Monosaccharides and 3 Hexose Monosaccharides

A

Pentose - Ribose and Deoxyribose

Hexose - a-glucose, b-glucose and fructose

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13
Q

Why is the Carbon 1,4 and 6 positions indicated on glucose diagrams

A

It is at these positions that different glucose molecules bond together

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14
Q

What is the difference between A-glucose and B-glucose

A

The -H and -OH group at Carbon 1 are reversed

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15
Q

Give 2 examples of Disaccharides and their products when Hydrolysed

A

Sucrose - A-glucose and Fructose

Maltose - 2 A-glucose

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16
Q

What is the function of Sucrose

A

How carbohydrates are transported in plants

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17
Q

What is Maltose

A

The product of starch digestion

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18
Q

What are the bonds formed between different monomers when joined by condensation reactions

A

Glycosidic Bonds

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19
Q

What is a Polymer

A

Many Molecules bonded together by Glycosidic bonds

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20
Q

Give 4 examples of Polymers

A

Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen
Cellulose

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21
Q

For Amylose, give the Monomer, Glycosidic Bonds, Shape of Polymer, Location in the Cell, and the Function

A 
Monomer - A-glucose
Glycosidic Bonds - a-1,4
Shape - unbranched, helical molecule
Location - starch grains in living plant cells
Function - Store of glucose
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22
Q

For Amylopectin, give the Monomer, Glycosidic Bonds, Shape of Polymer, Location in the Cell, and the Function

A

Monomer - A-glucose
Glycosidic Bonds - a-1,4 and a-1,6
Shape - Branched every 24-30 glucose units, helical molecule
Location - starch grains in living plant cells
Function - Store of glucose

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23
Q

For Glycogen, give the Monomer, Glycosidic Bonds, Shape of Polymer, Location in the Cell, and the Function

A

Monomer - A-glucose
Glycosidic Bonds - a-1,4 and a-1,6
Shape - branched every 8-12 glucose units, helical molecule
Location - Granules in liver and muscle cells of mammals
Function - Store of glucose

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24
Q

For Cellulose, give the Monomer, Glycosidic Bonds, Shape of Polymer, Location in the Cell, and the Function

A

Monomer - B-glucose
Glycosidic Bonds - b-1,4
Shape - Straight Chains cross-linked to parallel molecules
Location - Cell Wall of plant cells
Function - Structural support for plant cell

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25
Q

How are Amylose, Amylopectin and Glycogen adapted to being a storage molecule

A

Many glucose molecules can be stored in a cell
They are readily hydrolysed to release glucose molecules
They are insoluble and so cannot move out of cells
They do not affect the water potential of a cell

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26
Q

How are adjacent Cellulose molecules linked, and what does this produce

A

Hydrogen Bonds, microfibrils

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27
Q

What are lipids composed of

A

Carbon, hydrogen and a few oxygen atoms

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28
Q

What is the main difference between Lipids and Polysaccharides

A

Lipids are macromolecules, polysaccharides are polymers

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29
Q

List 4 examples of Lipids

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and waxes

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30
Q

What is the main constituent of triglycerides and phospholipids

A

Fatty acids

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31
Q

How can fatty acids vary

A

The length of the hydrocarbon tail

Whether the hydrocarbon chain contains double bonds

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32
Q

What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids

A

Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds, saturated fatty acids have single bonds

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33
Q

What do Triglycerides consist of

A

A glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids bonded by condensation reactions

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34
Q

What bond are formed between the fatty acids and glycerol molecule in Triglycerides

A

Ester bonds

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35
Q

How are constituent molecules of a triglyceride released

A

Hydrolysis reactions

36
Q

How do triglycerides with unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbon tails differ

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails tend to be liquid at room temperature, whereas saturated hydrocarbon tails tend to be solid

37
Q

What is the function of triglycerides

A

They represent energy storage

38
Q

Why are triglycerides better at their function than carbohydrates

A

They release more energy

39
Q

What are some other things that Fats provide

A

Thermal insulating layer in mammals
Buoyancy in marine animals
A cushioning layer
Water when respiring

40
Q

What is the difference between a Phospholipid and a tryglyceride

A

One of the fatty acid groups is replaced with a phosphate group

41
Q

Out of the 2 ends of a Phospholipid, which ends are Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic - The Hydrocarbon tails

Hydrophilic - Glycerol - Phosphate head

42
Q

What does the Phospholipid bilayer represent

A

The basis of membrane structure in cells

43
Q

What is the steroid cholesterol made of

A

A hydrocarbon chain with 4 Carbon-based rings

44
Q

Where is Cholesterol found, and what is it used for

A

Cell membranes, and a number of steroid hormones are synthesised from cholesterol

45
Q

What are all proteins made up of (elements)

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and usually sulfur

46
Q

What are proteins made up of (structurally)

A

Chains of amino acids

47
Q

What do amino acids consist of

A 
A carbon atom with 4 groups:
An amino group
A carboxyl group
A hydrogen atom
An R-group (residue)
48
Q

How do amino acids differ

A

The R-group

49
Q

How do R-groups differ

A

Some carry a charge
Some are hydrophobic
Some contain sulfur
Some are involved in hydrogen bonding

50
Q

How do Amino acids join, and what is the bond called

A

Condensation reactions, covalent peptide bond

51
Q

What do you call 2 amino acids bonded together

A

A dipeptide

52
Q

What do you called many amino acids bonded together

A

A polypeptide

53
Q

What is the primary structure of a Polypeptide

A

A sequence of amino acids in a chain

54
Q

What 2 types of structure make up a secondary structure of a protein, and and what are they

A

A-helix and b-pleated sheets, they are held in place by hydrogen bonds between peptide links in adjacent parts of the chain

55
Q

What type of proteins have a tertiary structure

A

Globular

56
Q

How does a protein gain it’s 3D shape

A

The polypeptide folds over on itself in a precise way

57
Q

What type of proteins have a Quaternary structure

A

Proteins that consist of two or more polypeptide chains bonded together

58
Q

Give an example of a Globular and Fibrous protein

A

Globular - Haemoglobin

Fibrous - Collagen

59
Q

What does Haemoglobin consist of, and what does each of these contain

A

4 polypeptides : 2 a-chains and 2 b-chains

They each contain an iron-containing Haemoglobin group

60
Q

What does Collagen consist of

A

3 similar polypeptides coiled round each other and held together by hydrogen bonds

61
Q

What do Collagen molecules bonded together form

A

Strong fibres found in the skin, tendons and ligaments

62
Q

What is the difference between a Conjugated protein and a Prosthetic group

A

A conjugated protein has a non-protein part attached, which is called the prosthetic group

63
Q

Give the prosthetic group and location of Glycoproteins

A

Prosthetic Group - Carbohydrates

Location - Mucin, cell surface membrane

64
Q

Give the prosthetic group and location of Lipoprotein

A

Prosthetic Group - Lipid

Location - Membrane Structure

65
Q

Give the prosthetic group and location of Nucleoprotein

A

Prosthetic Group - Nucleic Acid

Location - Chromosome Structure, ribosome structure

66
Q

Give the prosthetic group and location of Haemoglobin

A

Prosthetic Group - Haem

Location - Red Blood Cells

67
Q

What is a prion

A

A misfolded protein that cause diseases

68
Q

How does Prions affect mammals

A

The brain tissue becomes spongy with holes where there were once groups of neurones

69
Q

Give examples of Prions

A

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE)
Scrapie - sheep
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) -cattle
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) - humans

70
Q

What do Prions do

A

They replace the normal, cell-surface glycoproteins with a structurally altered prion form.

71
Q

What structure of a protein is affected by Prions

A

The secondary structure (particularly a-helixes)

72
Q

Give 3 ways in which a Prion can be spread

A

Transmission through consumption of infected foods
Inheritance of a gene mutation
Sporadically

73
Q

Give examples of 2 nucleic acids

A

DNA

RNA

74
Q

What is the function of DNA and RNA

A

DNA carries genetic code

RNA assist the functioning of DNA

75
Q

What is a Nucleotide

A

The subunits of nucleic acids

76
Q

What does each Nucleotide consist of

A

A pentose sugar
A nitrogenous base
A phosphate group

77
Q

How does the Nitrogenous bases of RNA and DNA differ

A

In DNA you have Adenine, Guanine Cytosine and Thymine

In RNA you have Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil

78
Q

How do Nucleotides join, and what is the bond formed

A

Condensation reactions, and are joined by Phosphodiester bonds

79
Q

What does a DNA molecule consist of

A

Two anti-parallel strands with complementary bases pairings opposite each other joined by hydrogen bonds

80
Q

What is the complementary base pairings in DNA and RNA

A

DNA - A-T, C-G

RNA - There isn’t one, and it is only 1 strand

81
Q

What structure forms from many nucleotides bonded together

A

A double helix

82
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA (structurally)

A

RNA is a single stranded molecule that is a lot shorter than DNA

83
Q

What is the DNA replication mechanism called

A

Semi-conservative mechanism

84
Q

How does DNA replication work

A
  1. DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairings
  2. The enzyme DNA polymerase moves along each strand
  3. DNA polymerase catalysts the joining of the free base pairings with a new strand, according to the base paring rule
  4. The process of unzipping and joining continues along the whole strand
85
Q

Why is the DNA replication called Semi-conservative

A

The new DNA molecule has 1 old strand and 1 new strand

86
Q

What is the experiment for Semi-Conservative replication called

A

Meselson and Stahl experiment

87
Q

In the DNA replication experiment, what is the evidence for Semi-Conservative replication

A

At Generation 0, there is all ‘heavy’ DNA
At Generation 1, there is all ‘intermediate’ DNA
At Generation 2, there is 50% ‘intermediate’ DNA, and 50% ‘light’ DNA

Biology AS Unit 1 - Molecules and Cells (6 decks)

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