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Biology > Topic 4- Biodiversity and Plant Resources > Flashcards

Topic 4- Biodiversity and Plant Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we assume when using the Hardy weinberg principle?

A
  • has to be a large population with no immigration, emigration, mutations or natural selection
  • random mating so all possible genotypes can breed with others
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2
Q

What does Hardy Weinberg principle predict?

A
  • frequencies of alleles in a population won’t change from one generation to the next
  • if allele frequencies do change = immigration, emigration, natural selection or mutations have occured
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3
Q

What is molecular phylogeny?

A
  • phylogeny= study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms
  • molecular phylogeny= looks at molecules like DNA and proteins to see how closely related organisms are
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4
Q

Describe the 3 Domain system against the 5 kingdom system.

A
  • prokaryotae (unicellular organisms w/out a nucleus) split into 2 groups
  • archaea and bacteria because molecular phylogeny found that they were more distantly related than thought
  • 4 other kingdoms are part of eukaryota domain
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5
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A
  • animalia
  • plantae
  • prokaryotae
  • fungi
  • protoctista
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6
Q

Define conservation

A

involves the protection and management of endangered species
e.g seed banks and zoos conserve endangered species and genetic diversity

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7
Q

What are the advantages of seed banks?

A
  • cheaper to store seeds than fully grown plants
  • take up less space
  • less labour required to look after plants
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8
Q

What are the disadvantages to seed banks?

A
  • testing for viability is expensive and time consuming
  • may be expensive to store all types of plant AND test them
  • can be difficult to collect plants from remote locations
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9
Q

What re the 4 things zoos do to conserve species?

A
  1. captive breeding programmes= increase no. individuals while maintaining genetic diversity
  2. scientific research= inform conservation inside zoos
  3. reintroduction programmes= prevent species going extinct in the wild will also help other species (for food and habitat)
  4. education programmes= raise funds for conservation + change human behaviour
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10
Q

What are zoo advantages and disadvantages?

A

:)
- scientists can study behaviours closely to aid conservation that may not have been possible in the wild
- educate public about conservation
- increase population numbers

:(
- studies may not be reliable as animals act differently in captivity
- certain animals may not breed in captivity
- zoos may not provide adequate habitats

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11
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A
  • outermost layer of plant celll
  • acts as an adhesive to stick to adjacent plant cells = provide plant w/ stability
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12
Q

What is the plasmodesmata?

A
  • channels in cell walls that link adjacent cells together
  • allows transport of substances between cells
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13
Q

What are pits?

A
  • regions of cell wall where very thin and arranges in pairs with adjacent cell pits
  • allows transport of substances between cells
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14
Q

What is an amyloplast?

A
  • organelle enclosed by a membrane containing starch granules
  • convert starch into glucose when plant requires it
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15
Q

What is the vacuole?

A
  • compartment surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast
  • vacuole contains cell sap to keep cell turgid (stop wilting)
  • cell sap is made up of enzymes, water, minerals and waste products = involved in breakdown of unwanted chemicals
  • tonoplast controls what enters/leaves vacuole
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16
Q

Describe xylem vessels (5)

A
  1. function is to transport water and mineral ions up plant + provide support
  2. long, tube like made from dead cells joined end to end (found in bundles)
  3. cells have hollow lumen with no end walls = allows water + mineral ions to pass up tube easily
  4. walls thickened w/ lignin (woody substance)= support plant
  5. water + mineral ions move in/out of vessels via pits where there is no lignin
17
Q

Describe Phloem tissue (5)

A
  1. function is to transport organic solutes (sucrose) from where they’re made in plant to where needed = translocation
  2. cellls arranged in tubes but just for transport (not support)
  3. contain sieve cells and companion cells (one companion cell for every sieve tube element to carry out functions for them as sieve tubes have very few organelles and no nucleus)
  4. sieve tube elements have end walls with lots of holes for solutes to pass through
  5. made of living cells
18
Q

Describe sclerenchyma fibres (5)

A
  1. provide support
  2. made of bundles of dead cells running vertically up stem
  3. hollow lumen with end walls
  4. cell walls thickened w/ lignin and have more cellulose than other plant cells
  5. no pits
19
Q

Describe how you would prepare a plant stem for a microscope (4)

A
  1. use a scalpel to cut a cross section of the stem as thinly as possinle
  2. use tweezers to gently place section in water until use
  3. transfer each section to a dish containing toluidine blue stain and leave for 1 min (it will stain lignin blue/green and other tissube pinkish purple)
  4. rinse them w/ water and mount each onto a slide w/ cover slip
20
Q

What is starch’s function and structure?

A
  • storage of excess glucose in plants
  • made up of two polysaccharides
  • amylose= long unbrached chain/ 1,4 glycosidic bonds cause it to coil up/ compact and good for storage (more glucose in small space)
  • amylopectin= long branched chain/1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds/ side branches allow enzymes to break down molecule at glycosidic bonds quickly (glucose released quickly)
  • starch is insoluble so doen’t cause cells to swell by osmosis (water entering)
21
Q

What is cellulose and its function ?

A
  • component of cell walls in plants
  • made up of long unbranched chains of beta glucose (1,4 glycosidic bonds)/ the bonds are straight so molecule is straight
  • 50-80 cellulose chains crosslinked by H bonds to form strong threads= myofibrils
  • myofibrils provide structural support
  • evry other monomer is inverted
22
Q

What is water and mineral ions used for in plants?

A
  • water= photosynthesis and to transport minerals/ regulate temp. / structural stability
  • magnesium ions= involved in production of chlorophyll (pigment for photosynthesis)
  • nitrate ions= involved in synthesis of DNA, proteins and chlorophyll
  • calcium ions= important components of cell walls and for plant growth
23
Q

What are some aseptic techniques? (4)

A
  1. close windows and doors to prevent draughts disturbing the air
  2. regularly disinfect surfaces to minimise contamination/ pututensils in disinfectant, not on surface
  3. sterile equiptment/ flame or use an autoclave (steams equiptment at high pressure)
  4. work near a bunden flame when transferring bacteria (hot air rises and any microbes will be drawn away from agar)
24
Q

describe William Withering’s digitalis soup

A
  1. discovered extract from foxgloves could treat dropsy (contains active drug digitalis)
  2. by chance he found one patient recovered from a traditional remedy containing foxgloves
  3. foxgloves are poisonous so he tested different versions w/ diff conc. on patients
  4. found too much poisoned, while too little had no effect
  5. to find out right dosage to give to patient
25
Q

Describe the different phases in modern drug testing

A

Pre clinical tests- drug is tested on human tissues, then animals
Phase 1- test new drug on healthy individuals to find correct dosage, how body reacts and side effects?
Phase 2- larger group of patients who require drug/ effectiveness?
- patients are split into 2 groups, one w/ placebo and one w/ drug (does drug work more than placebo effect?)
Phase 3- large group split into 2, one w/ existing drug and one w/ new drug
- does it work better than the existing drug?

26
Q

What is the gene pool?

A
  • the no. different alles in a population
27
Q

What does inbreeding cause?

A
  • decreases gene pool which leads to increased risk of genetic disorders, leading to health problems
28
Q

Define genetic drift

A
  • random change in frequency of alleles
  • affects smaller populations mmore because smaller gene pools
29
Q

What are the ways in which organisms adapt to a niche?

A
  1. behavioural= how an organisms acts to increase chance of survival (possums play dead)
  2. physiological= processes inside an organism’s body that increase chnace of survival (hibernation)
  3. anatomical= structural features on organism’s body that increase chnace of survival (blubber to keep warm)
30
Q

Define species

A
  • a group of organisms of the same type that are able to reproduce with eachother to produce fertile offspring
31
Q

What is species evenness?

A
  • if good evennes means that most species in a community are of similar abundance
  • no single species dominates
32
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A
  • variation of alles w/in a species population to allow for an advantage if a disease affects one allele
33
Q

What is habitat diversity?

A
  • no. different habitats in an area due to abiotic and biotic factors
34
Q

What information needs to be collected when studying biodiversity of areas?

A
  • genetic diversity using heterozygosity index
  • biodiversity with diversity index
  • are there endemic species present
  • species richness by counting how many species are present in an area
35
Q

Why are plant fibres more sustainable than fibres made from crude oil?

A
  • crude oil is non renewable and finite resource because it takes millions of years to form
  • nettles are renewable because they can be grwon in a short amount of time
  • clothing made of nettles is biodegradable

Biology (8 decks)

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