Topic 4: Biodiversity and Natural Resources Flashcards
4.1 Know that over time the variety of life has become extensive but is now being threatened by human activity.
Climate change blah blah blah
4.2 Define Biodiversity
The measure of variety of living organisms in a particular area
4.2 Define Endemism
If a species is endemic it is found naturally only in that specific region
4.2 Heterozygosity Index formula
Number of heterozygotes / Total individuals
4.3 Define a niche
An organisms specific role or function within an ecosystem. It exploits the resources available to it in a specific way.
4.3 Types of adaptations
Behavioral, physiological, anatomical/structural
4.3 What is a behavioral adaptation + example
An action done on purpose to help with survival.
Example: Fish swim in schools or animals hibernate during winter.
4.3 What is physiological adaptation + example
An involuntary action or change in the body.
Example: Shivering when its cold or ears sensitive to different frequencies
4.3 What is anatomical/structural adaptation + example
A physical feature that helps an organism survive.
Example: A ducks webbed feet or a cactus long roots
4.5 What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation and what is it used for.
It is used to see if there is a change in allele frequency occurring over time.
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p+q=1
p = B
q = b
4.5 What is assumed when using Hardy-Weinberg equation
Must assume it is in Hardy-Weinberg equlibrium - allele frequencies are preserved as there are no agents of evolutionary change.
Very Rare
4.6 Define a species
Groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
4.6 What are the three domains for classification
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota
4.7 Name 8 parts of the plant cell ultrastructure specific to plant cells
Cell walls, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, vacuole, tonoplast, plasmodesmata, pits, and middle lamela
4.7 What is the function of the amyloplasts
Producing, breaking down and storing starch
4.7 What is the tonoplast
The membrane of the vacuole
4.7 What is the plasmodermata and where are they likely to form
The holes that form for passageways to be there between two plant cells enabling for transport and communication. Likely to form in the pits of the cell wall.
4.7 What is the middle lamela
The ‘concrete’ that sticks together adjacent cells. Pectin rich
4.9 Characteristics of Starch
- Storage pollysaccaride of plants
- Constructed from amylose and amylopectin
- 1,4 and 1,6 bonds between alpha glucose molecules
- Branched or helix means easier for hydrolysis back to glucose
- Insoluble so it has no osmotic effect
4.9 Characteristics of Cellulose
- Main structural component of cell walls
- Made up of beta glucose with 1,4 glycosidic bonding
- Exists in long chains which form hydrogen bonds between them, giving strength
- Insoluble
4.10 What are cellulose microfibrils
Many chains held together due to hydrogen bonding form microfibrils which provide the strength of a cell wall. Held together in angled layers by pectin and hemicellulose.
4.11 What is a sclerenchyma fibre
Columns of cells with stiffened cell walls to provide support to the plant stem. Provide protection around the vascular bundle. Have lignified and thickened cell walls.
4.11 What is a xylem vessel
Responsible for transport of water and mineral ions. These are long and thin tubes of dead cells. Has lignified and thickened cell walls for more strength. Inner part of vascular bundle, close to the piff.
4.11 What is a phloem sieve tube cell
Responsible for translocation of organic solutes through the plant. Has a companion cell. Contained in the outermost part of the vascular bundle.
Nitrate Ions On Plants
amino acid creation
Deficiency causes growth defect and yellow leaves
Magnesium in plants
Used to make chlorophyll
Yellow Leaves
Calcium in plants
Used to regulate growth
What do we grow the plants in for CPAC
Sach’s solution
How to stain a plant to see vascular bundle
Cut very thin slice of celery (cross section) using safety blade. use conc phloroglyrerol as a stain.
Define Species Richness
Number of species present in a specific area
Define species evenness
Distribution of population of each species
Define genetic diversity
The number of alleles present in a population
3 sources of genetic variation
Meiosis (crossing over and independent assortment)- random mutation
What causes speciation and what are two kinds of it
Reproductive isolation:
Geographical isolation - different selection pressures - allele frequencies in each population change - inability to breed to produce fertile offspring - allopatric speciation
Behavioral isolation - division of population; formation of tribes etc. - allele frequencies in each population change
